Tuxtla GutiÃÆ' Â © rrez ( localÃ, ['tukst? a? u'tjeres] Ã, ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city in southeastern Mexico Chiapas. It is the most developed, populated and therefore the most important municipality in the state. The busy, commercial and service-oriented city, Tuxtla (as it is commonly known) has one of the fastest growth rates in Mexico in the last 40 years. Unlike many other areas in Chiapas, it is not a tourist attraction, but a transportation hub for tourists coming to the state, with the main airport and bus terminal.
Video Tuxtla Gutiérrez
Histori
The Zoques made the first pre-Hispanic settlement on the site. They call the name of the valley "CuauhtÃÆ' Â © moc", which means "land or a house of a rabbit". The Aztecs infiltrated the area and named it "Tuchtlan", which means the same thing. "GutiÃÆ' Â © rrez" was added to the city's name in 1848 in honor of JoaquÃÆ'n Miguel GutiÃÆ' Â © rrez, a Conservative politician according to a legend.
After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, and the conquest of the Chiapa people in 1528, the Dominicans built a monastery near TecpatÃÆ'¡n, which is currently an independent municipality. There is no official date of the founding of Tuxtla, but it is known that in the mid-16th century, these monks gathered Zoques scattered in the valley into a church-centered community. The cathedral of Saint Mark today is a parish church founded by the Dominicans for one of these communities in 1560.
The village was officially recognized as a villa by the King of Spain in 1813 with a population of about 5,000, three quarters are Zoques. In 1821, the villa authorities proclaimed the independence of both Spain and the colonial government of Guatemala, along with other regions in what would become Chiapas. However, this declaration was not accepted by Guatemala or Mexico.
The first library in the entire state was founded here in 1910.
During the Mexican Revolution, a battalion called "The Sons of Tuxtla" was formed in 1911, with Captain Julio Miramontes killed in 1912. The supporters of Venustiano Carranza took over in 1914, led by AgustÃÆ'n Castro. Chiapas was reorganized into a municipal system in 1915, Tuxtla GutiÃÆ' Â © rrez became the head of one of them and NoÃÆ'Â © VÃÆ'¡zquez as the first municipal president. The city remains the state capital. The reaction to Carranza's policies was led by "Mapaches", a group of state landowners who objected to the loss of their privileges and the redistribution of their lands. They set fire to a state government building, destroying its archives in 1915. General Salvador Alvarado and 2,500 soldiers fought in Mapaches ordered by General Tiburcio FernÃÆ'¡ndez Ruiz. The Catholic churches were closed and images of saints were burned in the city in 1934.
In 1941, the city government moved out of the old building on El Triunfo Street in the neighborhood of Santo Domingo to the corner of Avenida Central and Calle 2Ã,ª Poniente on the grounds of the city's first city president. Here the new "city palace" is built in Neoclassical style. However, the city palace was moved again to its current location in 1982, and the Neoclassical building was given to Federación de Trabajadores del Estado de Chiapas.
Tuxtla diocese was formed in 1965, which raised the parish of San Marcos (St. Mark) to a cathedral. Tuxtla Gutierrez became the birthplace of actress Alejandra Meyer, whose acting career began in the 1960s. He is best known as Dona Chata on the Dr. Candido Perez. The first Feria de Chiapas was held in 1980. The municipality experienced 38 wildfires in 1988. John Paul II visited the city in 1990.
During the 1990s, most of the state of Chiapas was tortured by the EZLN or Zapatista insurgency. While most of the group's activities are in rural areas of the country, Tuxtla is also affected by it. A total of 10,000 sympathizers of the Zapatistas protested in the city in 1998 to encourage federal officials to honor the San Andrà © agreement in 1994 and to encourage new gubernatorial elections and other demands. Political instability pushed many indigenous peoples to municipalities from rural areas in the second half of the decade. In 1998, PRD politicians, EZLN activists and leaders of Asamblea Estatal DemocrÃÆ'¡tica del Pueblo Chiapaneco Rubicel Ruiz Gamboa were killed in the city. It is estimated that the action was in response to Ruiz Gamboa's work in land redistribution in the state of La Frailesca.
In the 1990s, Mexicana Airlines suspended services to Tuxtla, and aired only Aerocaribe. A major accident that killed nineteen people caused protests and restoration services to the city by Mexicana in 2000. In 2011, the Guatemalan government announced that it would open a consulate in the city to support its citizens who cross the Mexican territory or live here. The government noted the problems facing many Guatemalans, especially those entering Mexico illegally, domestically. A tractor trailer with 219 illegal immigrants was stopped in the municipality in early 2011. Most are Guatemala and almost all from Central America but there are also people from Sri Lanka and Nepal. The migrants are detected by using a portable X-ray in a passing truck.
Maps Tuxtla Gutiérrez
City
Tuxtla is the largest and most developed city in the state of Chiapas, and has an accelerated population growth rate. It is clean and mainly business oriented. The city has busy streets, filled with cars, taxis, buses and more. Shopping ranges from modern commercial plazas and malls to popular markets and outdoor aerials.
In 2011, the city was the first in Mexico to be certified as a "safe city" by the federal government and footballers who turned into mayor Cuauhtà © à © moc Blanco of the SPD has been praised by the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm for its extremely low-level crimes, crime prevention programs and other factors. According to Financial Times and FDi magazine, Tuxtla is one of a number of cities around the world considered a "future city." It is evaluated based on economic potential, human resources, cost-benefit ratio, quality of life, infrastructure and business environment.
The city is centered on a large square called Plaza CÃÆ'vica, which is surrounded by government buildings such as municipal and state government offices (called "palaces"). On one side of this square is the most important landmark of the city, Cathedral de San Marcos (Cathedral of St. Mark), named after the patron saint of the city, Mark the Evangelist. The church was founded in the second half of the 16th century, as a Dominican parish and has undergone significant structural changes since it was built. Apse is the only one kept in Chiapas from the colonial era, where the remains of the frescoes can be seen. The current interior is Neoclassical. It has a single nave with a Latin cross layout with two side chapels. Façade and towers are currently modeled somewhat along the colonial line, with Doric columns. The appearance of the current structure, mostly in plain white, is the result of the last re-modeling done in the 1980s. The most famous feature of this church is 48 bells that ring every hour, accompanied by the "parade" of the Apostles' statues that appear in the bell tower.
The city has a number of famous parks and other green spaces. Madero Park is located at 5a Norte Avenue, where the Calzada de Sumidero cross is about six blocks from Plaza CÃÆ'vica. This is a green area that is cut off by a road called Paseo de los Hombres Ilustres. Along this corridor, there are various museums and cultural centers that include the Botanical Gardens of Dr Faustino Miranda, which occupies four hectares along the Sabinal River. Across from the park is a botanical museum that has great exhibits of various country wooden trees. There is also a museum of natural history with a number of species of animals and preserved plants as well as artefacts and maps of the country's historical indigenous peoples. The Parque JardÃÆ'n de la Marimba (Marimba Park Park) is located eight blocks from the First Square on Central West Avenue (Avenida Central Poniente in Spain) and Octave North West Street (8 ° Calle Poniente Norte) and named after the most typical musical instrument country. The park was founded in 1993 to become a meeting place for families with, many trees, colonial style benches, nighttime lighting and central kiosks. Here, the marimba band plays, which often attracts older couples who come to dance. It also hosts larger music and other events, usually associated with marimba.
In the suburbs are the Ecological Reserve of El Zapotal, best known as the ZoolÃÆ'³gico Zoo of Miguel Alvarez del Toro Zoo, often simply referred to as ZooMAT. The zoo covers 100 hectares and was founded by Miguel Alvarez del Toro in 1942. He has also been a director for over fifty years. ZooMAT is considered one of the best zoos in Latin America. It shows, studies, protects and protects the native species of Chiapas, which have suffered severe stress due to human activities. The zoo has programs for research, environmental education and wildlife conservation. The zoo is mainly known for his work in preserving quetzal, becoming the first to breed birds in captivity in the 1970s. The zoo design respects the topography of the zone and shows only regional wildlife. It contains 1,400 animals from 220 species including jaguars, tapirs, macaws, monkey spiders, howler monkeys and quetzals. Over 150 species are free to roam in natural enclosures and in some areas, animals such as deer, iguanas, small reptiles and birds come very close to the areas where humans pass. The sixty species exhibited here are in danger of extinction, including jaguars, ocelots, macaws, quetzal monkeys and howlers.
The largest museum in the city is the Museo Regional de AntropologÃÆ'a e Historia (Regional Anthropology and History Museum), which is one of the most important of its kind in Mexico. The building was built in a modern style between 1979 and 1982, designed by architect Juan Miramontes NÃÆ'¡jera. This design received the first prize at the Third Biennial Contest in Bulgaria in 1985. His permanent collection covers the history of the country and is divided into two spaces: one for archeology and the other for history starting from the Spanish conquest. Beside it, there is the Museo de PaleontologÃÆ'a "Eliseo Palacios Aguilera" which was inaugurated in 2002 and is the only museum of its kind in the state. It contains an exhibition of over 200 fossils, all from Chiapas, with an age range from 300 million to 10,000 years. The main hall is centered on the reconstruction of a Megatherium. There is also a screen dedicated to state amber with pieces containing insects and spiders.
The Chiapas Museum of Science and Technology is an interactive museum for children and adults showing progress in modern times in three spaces: Earth and the Universe, Life and Humanity, and Communication and Tools.
Mercado de los Ancianos is a large traditional market in the southeast of the city center near the zoo. It offers fresh flowers, meat, seafood, clothing, household items and more. It has an outdoor cafe under a large red awning, and serves dishes prepared from items available in the market. This includes shrimp, chicken, whole fried fish, carne asada (roast beef) and tacos. The Instituto de las Artesanias y Productos de Chiapas (Institute of Handcrafts and Chiapas Products), also called Casa de Artesana, opened in 1980, is a large purple building on the city's main street, run by the government to promote the country's traditional products. These include the best of Chiapas crafts including textiles, clothing, toys, ceramics and woodcarvings as well as original yellow jewelry. It also contains an Ethnographic Museum that shows scenes that represent the lifestyles of various Chiapas indigenous groups with dioramas of rural villages and how crafts are made. There are also mannequins that display traditional clothing. It also sells coffee and regional sweets from the country. In its time, it was a large museum that housed the largest collection of photographs, crafts, and recreations of indigenous villages in the depths of the country, but almost entirely consumed by the fire in 2001.
Casa de la Cultura town is located on Avenida 1a Ponente Norte. The other two important churches are Santo Domingo Parish and Santo NiÃÆ' Â ± o de Atocha Temple.
As a municipality, the city is a local government authority for eighty-three other communities covering an area of ​​412.40km2. The three urban communities of the municipality are Tuxtla, Copoya and El Jobo. However, all rural communities have populations of less than 600 and most have less than 200. Important rural communities include Emiliano Zapata (Agua FrÃÆ'a), La Libertad, Tierra Colorada, LacandÃÆ'³n, San Juan and San Vicente El Alto. It borders the municipalities of San Fernando, Osumacinta, Chiapa de Corzo, Suchiapa, Ocozocoautla and BerriozÃÆ'¡bal.
Demographics
By 2015, the municipality has a total population of 598,710. In addition to the town of Tuxtla, the municipality has 189 regions, the largest (with 2010 populations in brackets) are: Copoya (8,160) and El Jobo (4,632), classified as urban.
More than half the population of the Central Valley of Chiapas region lives in the city. Most are young, with 66% under the age of thirty and the average age of twenty-three. The population growth rate is about four percent, with the population expected to double in less than twenty years. 99.56% of the municipal population live in three urban areas with the remainder scattered among 81 other rural communities. Population density is 1.053/km2 well above the regional average of 75/km2 and the state of 52/km2. The average woman has 2.27 children, below the regional average of 2.87 and the country average of 3.47. There are several immigration to the city, mostly from Veracruz, Mexico State and Mexico City.
The growth of the municipal population has exceeded that of the country over the past five decades. From 1990 to 2000, the municipality had a growth rate of 3.95% almost twice the state average. However, the greatest growth rate was between 1970 and 1980 when it was 8.6%. This population growth has led to high demand for land, housing, infrastructure and services, with many not able to keep up, especially in low-income areas, which is about 40% of the city. There are an estimated 15,000 cases of illegal tapping into the city's water distribution system, with an estimated loss of millions of pesos. This is done by industry, small businesses and homes. Avoidance of payments has made it difficult for cities to finance the expansion of the system into new environments.
Just under eighty percent are Catholic with just over thirteen percent of Protestant or other Christian members.
Most of the population is a mestizo with a significant Zoques ethnic population. Although about 25% of the country's population speaks indigenous languages, the percentage is much lower in the Tuxtla municipality. In 2005, there were 8,256 people who spoke the native language of the total population of 434,143. The percentage of native language speakers increased from 1995 to 2000 when many rural people moved into the area as a consequesnce of the Zapatista insurgency. It has added languages ​​like Tzotzil, Tzeltal, Zapotec and Ch'ol to the original Zoque.
Culture and gastronomy
The two most important local celebrations are Feria de Saint Mark and Feria Chiapas. The Feria de San Marcos (Saint Mark's Fair) takes place every April in the city center, respecting the patron saint of the Mark the Evangelist. These include offerings, fireworks in frames called "castillos" (castles) and pilgrimage for four days beginning on the 25th. The Feria Chiapas include bullfights, horse racing, chicken raids and exhibits from many state products, including handicrafts, goods manufacturing and agricultural products. It is held on the last Sunday of November until the first Sunday of December. Reflecting the Zoque heritage of the region is the Zoque Carnival and a ritual called "degrade the virgin" that occurred in Copoya. Other important celebrations in the municipality include San Roque, San Jacinto, San Pascualito, San Francisco, Santo Domingo and the Virgin of Guadalupe.
Most municipal dishes reflect that of the rest of the country and include pictes (sweet corn tamales), la chispota (beef with beans and cabbage), niguijuti (pork with mole sauce), sopa de pan (bread with broth and vegetables), cochito (pork in adobo sauce), chanfaina (lamb with rice paddies), peas called patashete, and traditional Chiapas tamales made with chipilÃÆ'n. Local drinks include pozol, taxcalate, agua de chÃÆ'a tashiagual, and pinole. Some local specialties include carnival parrilladas (grilled meat platter), carne molida tartars (spicy ground meat "cooked" with lime juice with onions, tomatoes and cilantro).
Climate
Tuxtla has a wet and dry tropical climate under the KÃÆ'¶ppen climate classification. With relatively low altitude, this area has a hot and relatively humid climate with the most rain fall in the summer. Except for the rainy and dry seasons (summer-fall and winter-spring respectively) there is little variation in climate throughout the year. Even the difference between the rainy and dry seasons is one of the quantities of rain. Air conditioning is rare because most homes and offices use a fan and most rooms and offices open onto the street or courtyard. Most businesses close in the afternoon from between 2 to 4:30 or 5:00 when it can get hot. Although not on the beach, close enough that hurricanes and tropical storms can affect it in time. In 2003, Larry's Tropical Storm caused flooding in the city, forcing the evacuation of 7,000 people.
Environment
The city has a height of 600 meters above sea level and is located in the long narrow Tuxtla Valley, which is part of the greater Central Valley region of the state. On the north and south sides of the municipality, the land rises into the mountainous areas as one heads out of the valley.
There are three main rivers in the municipality, Grijalva or Grande de Chiapa, Suchiapa and Sabinal. The last one is very polluted.
The natural vegetation of the area is lowland rain forest; Yet many have been logged by logging and clearing agricultural land and grasslands. Much of the city's forests and wildlife are found in a number of reserves including the Centro Ecological Recreativo El Zapotal, Cerro MaxtumatzÃÆ'¡n State Reserve, Vendada Villa Allende Protected Forest Zone and Sumidero Canyon National Park. The largest is Sumidero Canyon which is spread over 21789.41 hectares in three municipalities other than Tuxtla. Founded in 1980. El Zapotal was created in 1990 and spans an area of ​​192.57 hectares entirely within the municipality. It contains lowland rain forest, subtropical forests and some highland rainforests. All of these contain deciduous and enduring species. Cerro MaxtumatzÃÆ'¡ was founded in 1997 and with an area of ​​613.70 hectares in the municipality. It contains oak, holm oak and tropical forest and with some areas still contain old growth. Due to rapid urban growth, this green area is under pressure. In 2011, more than 200 illegal wildlife were expelled from the area called "El paraÃÆ'so" at Mount MactumactzÃÆ'¡, which is an ecological reserve in the municipality. This settlement covers an area of ​​ten hectares.
Education
According to the 2010 Census, the illiteracy rate was 5.4%, down from 7.66% in 2000 and 10.68% in 1990. This is lower than the country average of 17.8%. Of those over fifteen, just under fourteen percent have not completed elementary school, just over fifteen percent have only completed elementary school and the rest have exceeded this level.
There are many universities and colleges as well as business and language schools. Universidad Valle del Grijalva and many other private universities outside ITESM Chiapas are the best choice for studying in the city. Instituto TecnolÃÆ'³gico de Tuxtla GutiÃÆ' Â © rrez (ITTG) was established in the 1970s as the Instituto TecnolÃÆ'³gico Regional de Tuxtla GutiÃÆ' Â © rrez (ITRTG) which offers programs in Internal Combustion Engine, Electricity, Laboratory Chemical and Machinery and Equipment. Currently, the school offers university-level majors such as Industrial Engineering, Computer Systems, and Biochemistry. Since 1998, he has offered the Master of Biotechnology, Administration and Biochemical Engineering.
Economy
The municipality is the only one in a state with very low levels of economic marginalization. In 2005, there were 121,312 residences, of which 111,567 were owned by residents. On average, there are 4.25 residents per household, slightly lower than the regional and state averages of 4.52 and 4.85. Most homes have some sort of floor, with less than ten percent having a solid earth. More than 84% of homes have block sides. Over 70% have concrete roofs, with less than 15% having asbestos roofs. Over 98% have electricity, over 78% have running water, and about 94% have sewerage services.
More than 75% of the city's population is employed in trade and services, including the government. This is above the regional level 53.36% and the country rate is 37.31%. State, federal and local governments have been one of the main sources of employment in the city since the 1970s. Although the city has 68 hotels with 2,874 rooms, it is not a major tourist attraction. Most visitors to the city are in business or Mexican citizens. However, it is a major transportation hub for those who go to other parts of the country, with first class bus stations and new airports. Tourism during Holy Week adds more than 150 million pesos to the country's economy, many passing through the city, with occupancy rates rising by fifty percent. Most foreign visitors through the city are young, especially from European countries such as France, Spain, Italy, Switzerland and the UK, which passes through the bus station. However, most of them do not explore the city itself, because tour guides often state there is nothing here to see.
More than 19% of the population is dedicated to industry, manufacturing, construction and transportation. More than two percent of the municipal population is dedicated to agriculture, livestock and forestry compared to 26.14 territories and 47.25% of states. Economic activities include trade and agricultural production of corn, beans, fruits, domestic dairy cattle and poultry.
The most prosperous part of the city is usually located in the west, along with shopping centers and suburban neighborhoods. The city center is largely a business location, while the poorest areas are scattered throughout the north and east.
Transportation
The city is a short and protected transportation center for the entire state of Chiapas. Tuxtla is connected by road, bus and air to all countries and Central America; no rail access.
Road
The municipality has 54.25 km of highways, more than half of rural roads (28.75 km). The Panamerican Highway is the main access way, traversing the city as Federal Highway 190 from west to east; stretching from Ocozocoautla to Chiapa de Corzo has been upgraded to a 4 lane highway. There are plans to build a new bypass in the southern city (Nuevo Libramiento Sur) to reduce heavy traffic.
The 2-lane freeway connects the Tuxtla area road with San CristÃÆ'³bal (45 minutes), Arriaga (1 hour) and MinatitlÃÆ'¡n (2.5 hours). Another paved state highway connects the city with the Suchiapa/Villaflores (Hwy 133) and the airport/La Angostura (Hwy 157) to the south, and San Fernando/ChicoasÃÆ'Â n (Hwy 102) to the north.
Air
In the past, the city had two airports but none were fully functional due to weather and location problems. Today, the new airport serves the city and state center area, located 35 km from the city center. Since opening in 2006, it has become one of the country's most important and busiest airports in Southwest Mexico, with 1,272,689 passengers traveling by 2016. It is also one of the country's most modern facilities, covering 740 hectares. The official name is ÃÆ' ngel Albino Corzo International Airport, with IATA TGZ code. It costs about one billion pesos to be built and funded by the government and private investors. There is a taxi service from the airport to Chiapa de Corzo and city and bus services to the First Class station and to San CristÃÆ'³bal de las Casas. The new facility can receive direct flights from the United States and Central/South America. Starting in January 2017, there are direct flights to Mexico City, Guadalajara, Monterrey, CancÃÆ'ºn, Toluca, Villahermosa, Oaxaca and MÃÆ'Â © rida. Interjet services to Mexico City include "Ecojet" which is modified to make it more fuel efficient.
Sports
Every major event held in the city is expected to bring in about 40 million pesos of business. The fourth event of the NASCAR Corona Series in 2011 was held at Tuxtla. Carrera Panamericana started in Tuxtla and ended in Zacatecas six days later for a distance of 3,261 km. The race features historic cars like Volvo 257 and Studebaker, as the competition is divided into categories like Tourist, Sport, Historical and Original Panamericana. The race has a long history but its current incarnation started in 1988 as a rally. The original run from Ciudad JuÃÆ'¡rez to Tuxtla in the 1950s.
Chiapas F.C.
Tuxtla is home to association football club Chiapas F.C., nicknamed Jaguares (Jaguars), who plays in Mexico's top professional league, MX League. Chiapas play their home game at Estadio VÃÆ'ctor Manuel Reyna, which has a capacity of 28,900. The team was relegated to the second tier Ascenso MX but the Chiapas FC franchise broke up shortly afterwards. The new club named Tuxtla FC who plays in the 3rd division will be a substitute for Jaguares.
See also
- Faustino Miranda Botanical Garden
References
External links
- H. Tuxtla City Council (in Spanish)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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