Nanjing

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Nanjing ( listen ), previously romanized as Nanking and Nankin , is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China and the second largest city in the East China region, with an administrative area of ​​6,600 km ² (2,500Ã, sqÃ, mi) and a total population of 8,270,500 per 2016. The inner area of ​​Nanjing which is circled by the city wall is the City of Nanjing (Mandarin), with an area of ​​55 km ² ( ??? 21 m²), while the Nanjing Metropolitan Region covers the cities and surrounding areas, covering more than 60,000 km ² (23,000 sqÃ, mi), with a population of over 30 million.

Located in the Yangtze River Delta region, Nanjing has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, has served as the capital of various Chinese dynasties, monarchies and republican governments dating from the 3rd century until 1949, and thus has long been a major center of culture, education, research, politics, economics, transport and tourism networks, home to one of the largest land ports in the world. The city is also one of fifteen sub-provincial cities within the administrative structure of the People's Republic of China, which enjoys jurisdictional autonomy and the economy is only slightly less than the province. Nanjing ranks seventh in the evaluation of the "City with the Strongest Strength Strength" issued by the National Bureau of Statistics, and second in the evaluation of cities with potential for sustainable development in the Yangtze River Delta. It has also been awarded the 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honor of China, Salary of UN Habitat Special Prize and National Civilized City. Nanjing boasts many high-quality universities and research institutes, with the number of universities enrolled in the 100 National University Keys ranked third, including Nanjing University which has a long history and is one of the 10 best universities in the world ranked by the Nature Index. The ratio of students to the total population ranks No.1 among the major cities nationwide. Nanjing is one of China's three scientific research centers, according to the Natural Index, particularly strong in chemistry, as well as strong in many other fields, for example, hosting the best computer software laboratory and wireless communications laboratory in the IT Field, as well as key laboratories country for pharmaceutical biotechnology.

Nanjing, one of the most important cities in the country for over a thousand years, is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China. It has become one of the largest cities in the world, enjoying peace and prosperity despite wars and disasters. Nanjing served as the capital of the East Wu (229-280), one of the three major states in the Three Kingdoms period; East Jin and each Southern Dynasty (Liu Song, South Qi, Liang and Chen), respectively ruling southern China from 317-589; Southern Tang (937-75), one of the Ten Kings; Ming Dynasty when, for the first time, all of China was ruled from the city (1368-1421); and the Republic of China (1927-37, 1946-49) before the flight to Taiwan during the Civil War of China. The city also serves as the seat of the rebellious Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1853-64) and the Japanese puppet regime Wang Jingwei (1940-45) during the Second Sino-Japanese War. He suffered terrible atrocities in both conflicts, including the Nanjing Massacre.

Nanjing has served as the capital of Jiangsu province since the founding of the People's Republic of China. It boasts many important heritage sites, including the Presidential Palace and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Nanjing is famous for human history, mountains and waters such as Fuzimiao, Ming Palace, Chaotian Palace, Porcelain Tower, Drum Tower, Stone Town, City Wall, Qinhuai River, Xuanwu Lake and Ungu Mountain. Major cultural facilities include Nanjing Library, Nanjing Museum and Nanjing Art Museum.

Video Nanjing

Etymology

The city has a number of other names, and some historical names are now used as the name of the city district; between them there is the name Jiangning or Kiangning ( ?? ), the former the character of Jiang (? , Yangtze) is a former part of the Jiangsu name and the last character of Ning (? , simplified form ? , Damai) is an abbreviation of Nanjing name. When it was the state capital, for example during ROC, Jing (? , Capital) was adopted as Nanjing abbreviation. It first became China's national capital as early as the Jin dynasty. The name Nanjing , meaning "South Capital" (from Chinese character to south and "for capital", was officially established for the city during the Ming dynasty, about six hundred years later.) Nanjing is specifically known as < b> Jinling or Ginling ( ?? , literally "Gold Hill") and the old name has been used since the period of the Warring States in the Zhou Dynasty.

Maps Nanjing

History

Initial history

Archaeological findings show that "Nanjing Man" lived on over 500,000 years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in the Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. At the end of the Shang dynasty period, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established the Wu state, and the first stop in the Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu cultures. According to the legend quoted by an artist in the Ming dynasty, Chen Yi, Fuchai, King of Wu State, founded a fort named Yecheng in Nanjing today in 495 BC /span>. Then in 473 BC , Yue State conquered Wu and built the bastion Yuecheng (??) on the edge of Zhonghua Gate now. In 333 BC , after removing the State of Yue, Country Chu built Jinling Yi (???) in the west of Nanjing at present. It was renamed Moling (??) during the reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city has been ravaged and renewed many times. The area was a successive part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasties, and parts of the Yangzhou region established as the 13 state surveillance and administrative territories in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in the Han dynasty (106 Ã, BC ). Nanjing later became the capital of Danyang Prefecture, and has been the capital of Yangzhou for about 400 years from the end of Han to Tang early.

Imperial China

Nanjing first became the state capital in AD Ã, 229, when the Eastern Wu state founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to < b> Jianye (??), city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in span 21. Although conquered by Jin dynasty West in 280, Nanjing and surrounding areas have been well cultivated and developed into one of China's commercial, cultural and political centers during the Wu East government. The city will soon play an important role in the following centuries.

Shortly after territorial unification, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. The first rebellion by the eight princes of Jin for the throne and then the rebellion and invasion of Xiongnu and other nomadic societies that destroy the rule of Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, the remnants of Jin's palace, as well as wealthy nobles and families, fled from north to south and rebuilt the Jin's castle in Nanjing, which was later called Jiankang (??), replacing Luoyang. This is the first time the country's capital has moved to the south.

During the North-South division period, Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasty for more than two and a half centuries. During this time, Nanjing is the international center of East Asia. Based on historical documents, the city has 280,000 registered households. Assuming the average Nanjing household consists of about 5.1 people, the city has more than 1.4 million inhabitants.

A number of sculptural ensembles of that era, founded in the tomb of the nobility and other officials, have survived (in varying degrees of preservation) in northeastern and eastern suburbs of Nanjing, especially in Qixia and Jiangning District. Probably the best preserved are the Tomb of Xiao Xiu ensemble (475-518), brother of Emperor Wu of Liang. The period of division ended when the Sui Dynasty united China and nearly destroyed the whole city, turning it into a small town.

Nanjing City was destroyed after the Sui dynasty took over. It was renamed Shengzhou (??) in the Tang dynasty and reconstituted during the deceased Tang. It was chosen as the capital and called Jinling (??) during Southern Tang (937-976), a country that replaced the Wu state. It changed its name to Jiangning (??) in the Northern Song dynasty and renamed Jiankang in the Southern Song dynasty. The Jiankang textile industry evolved and flourished during the Song dynasty despite the persistent alien invasion threat from the north by the Jin dynasty led by Jurchen. Da Chu Court, a short-lived puppet state founded by Jurchen, and Song's palace once resided in the city. Song was finally annihilated by the Mongol empire by the name of Yuan and in Yuan dynasty city status as the center of the textile industry increasingly consolidated.

The first emperor of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang (Emperor Hongwu), who overthrew the Yuan dynasty, renamed the city of Yingtian , rebuilt it, making it the capital of the dynasty in 1368. He built a 48 km (30 mi) long cities around Yingtian, as well as the new Ming Palace complex, and government buildings. It takes 200,000 workers 21 years to complete the project. The city of Nanjing Wall is currently mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved. It is one of the longest surviving city walls in China. Emperor Jianwen ruled from 1398 to 1402.

It is believed that Nanjing is the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 at 1400. In 1421, Yongle Emperor insisted on moving the capital to Beijing, but he had to withdraw his order before his death. Although Beijing was the de facto capital after that, Nanjing remained one official from the Ming Kingdom until 1441, when Emperor Yingzong ordered not to prefix the word "??" ("temporary") in the Beijing Government sealed much longer, while Nanjing's need for the "Nanjing" prefix for different purposes remained. Therefore, Nanjing still had its own imperial government with very limited powers before 1644.

In addition to the city walls, other well-known Ming era structures in the city include the famous Ming Xiaoling Ming Mao and Porcelain Tower, though the latter was destroyed by Taiping in the 19th century either to prevent the hostile factions from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fears of its geomantic nature.

A monument to the huge human cost of some of the early Ming dynasty construction projects is Yangshan Quarry (located about 15-20 km (9-12 million) east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling tomb), where the giant inscription, cutting the order of Emperor Yongle, dormant, as it was abandoned 600 years ago when it was understood impossible to move or complete it.

As the imperial center, the early-Ming Nanjing has connections around the world. It was the home of admiral Zheng He, who went to sail to the Pacific and Indian Ocean, and was visited by foreign officials, like a king from Borneo (Boni ??), who died during his visit to China in 1408. The tomb of King Boni, by means of spirits and a turtle inscriptions, was found in Yuhuatai District (south walled city) in 1958, and was restored.

More than two centuries after the transfer of the capital to Beijing, Nanjing is destined to become the capital of Ming emperor once more. After Beijing's fall to Li Zicheng rebel forces and then to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644, prince Ming Zhu Yousong was crowned in Nanjing in June 1644 as Emperor Hongguang. His brief government was portrayed by later historians as the first rule of the Southern Ming Dynasty.

Zhu Yousong, however, fared worse than his ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang three centuries earlier. Constrained by factional conflict, his regime was unable to offer effective resistance to the Qing army, when Qing army, led by Prince Manchu Dodo approached Jiangnan the following spring. A few days after Yangzhou fell to Manchu at the end of May 1645, Emperor Hongguang left Nanjing, and the emperor's emperor's palace was looted by the locals. On June 6, Dodo's forces approached Nanjing, and the city's garrison commander, Zhao Earl Xincheng, immediately handed the city over to them. The Manchus immediately ordered all male inhabitants of the city to shave their heads by way of Manchu queues. They took over most of the city for bannermen barracks, and destroyed the former Ming imperial palace, but instead the city was spared from the mass killings and destruction that befell Yangzhou.

Under the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), the Nanjing area was known as Jiangning (??) and served as the seat of government for the Liangjiang Young King. That is the location of the garrison of the Qing army. It has been visited by emperors Kangxi and Qianlong several times on their way from the southern provinces. Nanjing threatened to be invaded by British troops during the closing of the First Opium War, ending by the Nanjing Treaty in 1842. As the capital of a short lived Heavenly Taiping rebellion (founded by Taiping rebels in mid-1994). 19th century, Nanjing is known as Tianjing (??, "Heavenly Capital" or "Capital of Heaven").

Both the young king Qing and the king Taiping lived in buildings that would later be known as the Presidential Palace. When Qing's army led by Zeng Guofan reclaimed the city in 1864, a massive massacre took place in a town with more than 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to death. Since the Taiping Rebellion began, the Qing troops let no rebels speak their dialect to surrender. The systematic massacre of civilians occurred in Nanjing.

Modern China

The Xinhai Revolution led to the founding of the Republic of China in January 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as the first interim president and Nanking was elected as its new capital. However, the Qing Empire ruled the great areas of the north, so the revolutionaries asked Yuan Shikai to replace Sun as president in exchange for Puyi's abduction, the Last Emperor. Yuan demanded the capital Beijing (closer to his power base).

In 1927, the Kuomintang (KMT) under the Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek re-established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, and this became internationally recognized as the KMT forces took Beijing in 1928. The next decade was known as the Nanking of the Decade.

In 1937, the Japanese Empire started a full-scale invasion of China after attacking Manchuria in 1931, beginning the Second China War-Japan (often considered a World War II theater). Their troops occupied Nanjing in December and committed a systematic and brutal Nanking Massacre ("Nanking Rape"). Even the children, the elderly, and the nuns reportedly suffered at the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army. The total number of deaths, including estimates made by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and Nanjing War Crimes Court after atomic bombardment, is between 300,000 and 350,000. The city itself was also badly damaged during the massacre. Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall was built in 1985 to commemorate this event.

A few days before the fall of the city, the Chinese National Government moved to the southwestern city of Chungking (Chongqing) and continued the Chinese resistance. In 1940, a Japanese collaborative government known as the "Nanjing Regime" or "National Government of China Government" led by Wang Jingwei was established in Nanjing as a rival of the Chiang Kai-shek government in Chongqing. In 1946, after the Japanese Submission, the KMT moved its administrative center back to Nanjing.

On April 21, 1949, the Communist forces crossed the Yangtze River. On April 23, the Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA) arrested Nanjing. The KMT government retreated to Canton (Guangzhou) until October 15, Chongqing until November 25, and then Chengdu before retreating to Taiwan island on December 10, where Taipei proclaimed the temporary capital of the Republic of China. At the end of 1949, the PLA pursued the remnants of the KMT forces to the south in southern China, and only Tibet and the remaining Hainan Islands. After the formation of the People's Republic of China in October 1949, Nanjing was originally a provincial-level municipality, but soon joined Jiangsu province and again became the provincial capital by replacing Zhenjiang who was transferred in 1928, and retained it's status today.

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Geography

Nanjing, with a total area of ​​6,598 km ² (2.548Ã, sqÃ, mi), is located in the heart of the Yangtze River downstream drainage area, and in the Yangtze River Delta, one of China's largest economic zones. The Yangtze River flows past the western side and then the north side of Nanjing City, while Ningzheng Ridge encircles the north, east and south sides of the city. The city is 650 km (400 mi) southeast of Luoyang, 1,200 km (750 mi) south-southeast of Beijing, 300 km (190 mi) west-northwest of Shanghai, and 1,400 km (870 mi) northeast of Chongqing. The Yangtze River flows downstream from Jiujiang, Jiangxi, through Anhui and Jiangsu into the East China Sea. The northern part of the lower Yangtze drainage basin is the Huai River basin and the southern part is the basin of the Zhe River; they are connected by the Grand Canal east of Nanjing. The area around Nanjing is called Xiajiang (span lang = "zh" title = "Chinese text"> ?? , Lower River) region, with Jianghuai predominant in the north and Jiangzhe dominant in the south. This region is also known as Dongnan ( ?? , Southeast, Southeast) and Jiangnan ( ?? , and South River, South Yangtze).

Nanjing borders Yangzhou to the northeast (a downstream city when following the northern bank of Yangtze); Zhenjiang to the east (a downstream city when following the southern Yangtze bank); and Changzhou to the southeast. At its western boundary is Anhui province, where Nanjing is bordered by five prefecture-level cities: Chuzhou to the northwest, Wuhu, Chaohu and Maanshan in the west and Xuancheng in the southwest.

Nanjing is at the junction of the Yangtze River, an east-west water transport artery, and the Nanjing-Beijing railway, a north-south land transport artery, hence the name "east and west gate, southern and northern throats". Furthermore, the western part of the Ningzhen range is in Nanjing; The Loong-like Zhong Mountain circles the eastern side of the city, while the tiger-like Mountain is crouched in the west of the city, hence the name "Zhong Mountain, a curved dragon, and Stone Mountain, a tiger crouched."

Climate and environment

Nanjing has a humid subtropical climate (KÃÆ'¶ppen Cfa ) and is under the influence of the East Asia monsoon. Four different seasons, with humid conditions throughout the year, very hot and humid summers, wet winters, and in between spring and autumn have a reasonable length. Together with Chongqing and Wuhan, Nanjing is traditionally referred to as one of the "Three Pottery City" along the Yangtze River for very high temperatures in summer. However, the time from mid-June to the end of July is the blooming season of prem where meiyu (the rainy season in East Asia, literally "plum rain") occurs, where the city experiences periods of mild rain and moisture. Cyclones are rare but may be in the late stages of summer and early fall. The average annual temperature is about 15.91 Â ° C (60.6 Â ° F), with an average temperature of 24 hours per month starting at 2.7 Â ° C (36.9 Â ° F) in January up to 28.1 Â ° C (82.6 Â ° F) in July. The extreme since 1951 ranged from -14.0 ° C (7 ° F) on January 6, 1955 to 40.7 ° C (105 ° F) on August 22, 1959. The average of rain falls 115 days in a year , and the average annual rainfall is 1,090 mm (43 inches). With the monthly percentage of sunlight may start from 37 percent in March to 52 percent in August, the city receives 1,926 hours of bright sunshine every year.

Nanjing is endowed with rich natural resources, covering more than 40 types of minerals. Among them, iron and sulfur reserves account for 40 percent of Jiangsu province. Its reserves rank the first strontium in East Asia and Southeast Asia region. Nanjing also has abundant water resources, both from the Yangtze River and ground water. In addition, it has several natural hot springs such as Tangshan Hot Spring in Jiangning and Tangquan Hot Spring in Pukou.

Sun Yat-sen once summarized and praised the Nanjing feature in his book China's International Development ( ???? ):

Nanking is the old capital of China before Peking, and is located in a good area consisting of high mountains, deep water and plains - a rare site that can be found in any part of the world. It is also located in the center of a very rich country on both sides of the lower Yangtze. ( ???????, ?????, ?????????????????, ???, ???, ?????, ????, ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ?????... )

To be more precise, surrounded by the Yangtze River and the mountains, urban areas of the city enjoy their beautiful natural surroundings. Xuanwu Lake and Lake Mochou are located in the center of the city and easily accessible to the public, while the Ungu Mountain is covered with deciduous forests and conifers that preserve various historical and cultural sites. Meanwhile, the Yangtze River water channel is under construction to allow Nanjing to handle navigation of 50,000 DWT vessels from the East China Sea.

Cityscape

Environmental issues

Air pollution in 2013

The thick smoke waves begin in central and eastern China on December 2, 2013 at a distance of about 1,200 km (750 mi), including Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai, and Zhejiang. Lack of cold air flow, combined with slow moving air mass that carries industrial emissions, collects air pollutants to form a thick fog layer in the region. Severe polluted fumes in central and southern Jiangsu Province, particularly in and around Nanjing, with the AQI Contamination Index in "highly polluted" for five consecutive days and "heavily polluted" for nine years. On December 3, 2013, the PM particle _2.5 level averaged over 943 micrograms per cubic meter, down to more than 338 micrograms per cubic meter on December 4, 2013. Between 3:00, 3 December and 2:00 am, 4 December local time, several expressways from Nanjing to other Jiangsu cities were closed, cutting dozens of passenger buses at the Zhongyangmen bus station. From 5 to 6 December, Nanjing issued a red alert for air pollution and closed all kindergartens through high school. Outpatient services for Children's Hospitals increased by 33%; the general incidence of bronchitis, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections increased significantly. Smoke disappears December 12th. Officials blame heavy pollution for lack of wind, car exhaust emissions under low air pressure, and coal-powered district heating systems in northern China. The prevailing wind blows low air masses from plant emissions (mostly SO ₂ ) to the east coast of China.

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Government

Currently, the full name of Nanjing government is "Nanjing Municipal People's Government" and the city is under one CPC rule party, with the Secretary of Nanjing CPC Committee as the de facto city governor and mayor as the government's chief executive working under secretary.

Administrative division

Nanjing sub-province city is divided into 11 districts.

• District dies: Baixia District and Xiaguan District

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Demographics

At the time of the 2010 census, the total population of Nanjing City was 8.005 million. The OECD estimates the metropolitan area that covers at the time as 11.7 million. Official statistics in 2011 estimated the city's population to be 8.11 million. The birth rate was 8.86 percent and the mortality rate was 6.88 percent. The urban area has a population of 6.47 million people. The sex ratio of city dwellers was 107.31 men to 100 women.

As in much of eastern China, the official ethnic makeup of Nanjing is dominated by Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other ethnic groups. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to a formally defined minority, of which the majority (64,832) were Hui, accounting for 83.76 percent for the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups are Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533). Most of the minority nationals live in the Jianye District, which comprises 9.13 percent of the district's population.

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Economy

Early development

There is massive cultivation in the Nanjing area from the Three Kingdoms period to the Southern dynasty. The population that rarely causes the land as a royal gift is given to those rules. At first, landless peasants benefited from it, then senior officials and aristocratic families. As large numbers of immigrants flood the area, reclamation is quite common in its remote parts, which encourages its agricultural development.

The craft industry, by contrast, has a faster growth. Especially the textile section, there are about 200,000 craftsmen by the late Qing. Several dynasties established their imperial textile bureaus in Nanjing. The Nanjing Brocade (????) is their exquisite product as a fabric for royal underwear such as dragon robes. Meanwhile, the satin of Nanjing is called "tribute satins" ("??"), as they are usually paid in tribute to the monarchy. In addition, printing, papermaking, shipbuilding grew initially since the Three Kingdoms period. Because Nanjing was the capital of the Ming dynasty, the industries expanded, with both private companies and many private companies serving the imperial palace. Some place names in Nanjing keep witnessing them, such as Wangjinshi (???, market selling wangjin), Guyilang (???, corridor for garment clothes), Youfangqiao (???, bridge near oil factory).

In addition, trade in Nanjing is also growing. Ming Dynasty drawing Nanjing Prosperous ( ?????? , NÃÆ'¡nd? FÃÆ'¡nhuÃÆ' Â ¬ TÃÆ'ºju? N ) describes a bustling market atmosphere with people and filled with a wide variety of shops. However, economic development was almost destroyed by the Taiping Rebellion disaster.

Modern time

Toward the first half of the twentieth century after the formation of the ROC, Nanjing gradually shifted from the production center into a heavily consumed city, largely due to the rapid expansion of its rich population after Nanjing once again regained the Chinese political spotlight. A number of major department stores like Zhongyang Shangchang are growing, attracting traders from all over China to sell their products in Nanjing. In 1933, revenues generated by the food and entertainment industries in the city exceeded the amount of output of manufacturing and agricultural industries. A third of city dwellers work in the service industry.

In the 1950s after the PRC was established by BPK, the government invested heavily in the city to build a series of state-owned heavy industries, as part of a rapid national industrialization plan, turning it into a hub of heavy industry production in eastern China. Being too excited about building a "world class" industrial city, the government also made many big mistakes during development, such as spending hundreds of millions of yuan to mine non-existent coal, resulting in negative economic growth in the late 1960s. From the 1960s to the 1980s there were Five Pillars of Industry, namely, electronics, automobiles, petrochemicals, iron and steel, and power, each with a large state-owned enterprise. After the Reformation and Opening up the market economy recovery, state-owned companies find themselves unable to compete with efficient multinational companies and local private firms, therefore plunged into large debts or forced into bankruptcy or privatization and this resulted in a number large layoff workers. which are technically unemployed but effectively unemployed.

Today

The current urban economy is basically newly developed based on the past. The service industry dominates, accounting for about 60 percent of the city's GDP, and the financial industry, the cultural industry and the tourism industry are the top three of them. The information technology industry, energy saving and environmental protection, new energy, smart power grids and intelligent equipment manufacturing has become a pillar industry. Large companies run by civilians include Suning Commerce, Yurun, Sanpower, Fuzhong, Hiteker, 5stars, Jinpu, Tiandi, CTTQ Pharmaceutical, Nanjing Iron and Steel Company, and Simcere Pharmaceutical. Major state-owned companies include Panda Electronics, Yangzi Petrochemical, Jinling Petrochemical, Nanjing Chemical, Jincheng Motors, Jinling Pharmaceutical, Chenguang and NARI. The city also attracts foreign investment, multinational companies such as Siemens, Ericsson, Volkswagen, Iveco, A.O. Smith, and Sharp have set their lines, and a number of multinational companies such as Ford, IBM, Lucent, Samsung and SAP set up research centers there. Many leading companies based in China such as Huawei, ZTE and Lenovo have key R & D institute in the city. Nanjing is the industrial technology research and development center, many hosting R & D centers and institutions, especially in the fields of electronic technology, information technology, computer software, biotechnology and pharmaceutical technology and new material technology.

In recent years, Nanjing has developed economy, trade, industry, as well as urban development. In 2013 the city's GDP is RMB 801 billion (third in Jiangsu), and the per capita GDP (current price) is RMB 98,174 (US $ 1,604), an increase of 11% from 2012. The average city's disposable income is RMB 36,200, while the average rural population net income is RMB 14,513. The registered city unemployment rate was 3.02 percent, lower than the national average (4.3 percent). Nanjing Gross Domestic Product was ranked 12th in 2013 in China, and its overall competence was ranked 6th in the mainland and eighth including Taiwan and Hong Kong in 2009.

Industrial zone

There are a number of industrial zones in Nanjing.

• Nanjing New and High Tech Industrial Development Zone
• Nanjing Baixia Hi-Tech Industrial Area
• Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Area

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Transportation

Nanjing is a transportation hub in eastern China and downstream Yangtze River area. Different transportation means is a three-dimensional transportation system that includes land, water and air. As in most other Chinese cities, public transport is the dominant mode of travel of the majority of citizens. In October 2014, Nanjing has four bridges and two tunnels over the Yangtze River, which binds the district to the north of the river to the center of the city on the south bank.

Rel

Nanjing is an important railway center in eastern China. It serves as a rail crossing for Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu) (which itself consists of Jinpu and old Huning Railways), Nanjing-Tongling Railway (Ningtong), Nanjing-Qidong (Ningqi), and Nanjing-Xian (Ningxi) Hefei-Nanjing Fire. Nanjing is connected to the national high-speed rail network by Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed ​​Railway and Shanghai-Wuhan-Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line, with several high-speed rail lines under construction.

Among 17 railway stations in Nanjing, the passenger train service is mainly provided by Nanjing Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station, while other stations such as the Nanjing West Railway Station, Zhonghuamen Railway Station and Xianlin Railway Station have a small role. Nanjing Railway Station was first built in 1968. On 12 November 1999, the station burned in a serious fire. The reconstruction of the station was completed on September 1, 2005. Nanjing South Railway Station, which is one of 5 hub stations in Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed ​​Railway, has been officially claimed to be Asia's largest and largest railway station second in the world in terms of GFA (Gross Floor Area). The construction of South Nanjing Station started on January 10, 2008. The station was opened for public service in 2011.

Road

As an important regional center in the Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing is well connected with more than 60 states and provincial highways to all parts of China.

Express highways like Hu-Ning, Ning-He, Ning-Hang allow commuters to travel to Shanghai, Hefei, Hangzhou and other important cities quickly and comfortably. In the city of Nanjing, there is a toll road along 230 km (140 mi), with a highway density of 3.38 kilometers per hundred square meters (5.44 mi/100 square meters). Total city road coverage density is 112.56 kilometers per hundred square kilometers (181.15 million/100 square meters). Two arterial roads in Nanjing are Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong. Two roads cross in the center of town, Xinjiekou.

Jalan Tol :

• G25 Changchun-Shenzhen Expressway
• G36 Nanjing-Luoyang Expressway
• G40 Shanghai-Xi'an Expressway
• G42 Shanghai-Chengdu Expressway
• G4211 Nanjing-Wuhu Expressway, pacu G42 yang memanjang ke barat ke Wuhu, Anhui
• S55 Nanjing-Gaochun Expressway
• S38 Yanjiang Expressway
• G2501 Nanjing Ring Expressway

National Highway (GXXX):

• China National Highway 104 - motorists can drive northwest to Beijing or south to Fuzhou, Fujian.
• China National Highway 205 - motorists can drive north to Shanhaiguan, Hebei or south to Shenzhen, Guangdong.
• China National Highway 312 - motorists can steer east to Shanghai or west to Khorgas, Xinjiang on the Kazakh border
• China National Highway 328 - Nanjing is the west terminal of G328, which can be followed by motorists to Hai'an County in east Jiangsu

Public transport

The city also offers an efficient public transport network, which mainly consists of buses, taxis, and metro systems. The bus network, which is currently run by three companies since 2011, provides more than 370 routes covering all parts of the city and suburbs. Currently, the Metro Nanjing system has a total of 347 km (216 mi) routes and 164 stations on 9 lines. They are Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4, Line 10, Line S1, Line S3, Line S8 and Line S9. The city plans to complete the 17-lane Metro and light rail system by 2030. The expansion of the Metro network will greatly facilitate intracity transport and reduce current traffic congestion.

Air

Nanjing Airport, Lukou International Airport, serves national and international flights. In 2013, Nanjing airport handles 15,011,792 passengers and 255,788.6 tonnes of goods. The airport currently has 85 routes to national and international destinations, which include Japan, Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, USA and Germany. The airport is linked by a 29 kilometer (18 mile) highway directly to the city center, and is also connected to various inter-city highways, making it accessible to passengers from nearby towns. The Ninggao Intercity Line railway line has been built to connect the airport with Nanjing Southern Railway Station. Lukou Airport opened on June 28, 1997, replacing Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport as the main airport serving Nanjing. Dajiaochang Airport is still used as a military air base.

Water

Port of Nanjing is the largest land port in China, with annual cargo tonnage reaching 191.97 million tonnes in 2012. The port area is 98 km (61 mi) in length and has 64 berths including 16 berths for ships with tonnage of over 10,000. Nanjing is also the largest container port along the Yangtze River; in March 2004, one million container capacity bases, the Longtan Containers Port Area opened, further consolidating Nanjing as a leading port in the region. In 2010, it operates six public ports and three industrial ports. The 12.5-meter river in Yangtze River waters allows the 50,000-ton class ships to arrive directly at the Port of Nanjing, and ships with a capacity of 100,000 tons or more can also reach the port after load reduction on the high Yangtze River. tidal.

Yangtze River Crossings

In the 1960s, the first Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge was completed, and served as the only bridge across the Lower Yangtze in eastern China at the time. The bridge is a source of pride and an important symbol of modern China, which has been built and designed by China itself after a survey failed by other countries and a reliance on the rejection of Soviet expertise. Beginning in 1960 and opened for traffic in 1968, this bridge is a two-story street and rail design covering 4,600 meters on the upper deck, with approximately 1,580 meters stretching across the river itself. Since then four bridges and two tunnels have been built. Headed downstream, the Yangtze crossing in Nanjing is: Dashengguan Bridge, Line 10 Metro Tunnel, Third Bridge, Nanjing Yangtze River Tunnel, First Bridge, Second Bridge and Fourth Bridge.

src: t-ec.bstatic.com

Culture and art

Being one of the four ancient capitals of China, Nanjing has always been a cultural center that attracts intellectuals from all over the country. In the Tang and Song dynasties, Nanjing was the place where poets gathered and composed poems reminiscent of a luxurious past; during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the city is the official Jiangnan Examination Hall for the Jiangnan region, again acting as a center where different thoughts and opinions meet and evolve.

Today, with a long cultural tradition and strong support from local educational institutions, Nanjing is usually seen as a "cultural city" and one of the more fun cities to live in China.

Art

Some of China's leading art groups are based in Nanjing; they include the Qianxian Dance Company, Nanjing Dance Company, Jiangsu Opera Peking Institute and Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Company among others.

Jiangsu Province Kun Opera is one of the best theaters for Kunqu, the oldest art scene in China. It is considered a conservative and traditional group. Nanjing also has a professional opera troupe for Yang, Yue (shaoxing), Xi and Jing (Chinese opera varieties) as well as Suzhou pingtan, oral theater and puppet theater.

Jiangsu Art Gallery is the largest gallery in Jiangsu Province, presenting some of China's best traditional and contemporary art works such as Master Ho-Kan's history; many other small-scale galleries, such as the Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery, also have their own special exhibits.

Festivals

Many of the traditional festivals and customs observed in the past, including climbing the City Wall on January 16, bathed in Qing Xi on March 3, climbing the hill on September 9 and the other (the date is in Chinese lunar calendar). Almost none of them, however, are still celebrated by modern Nanjing.

In contrast, Nanjing, as a popular tourist destination, hosts a series of government-hosted events throughout the year. The annual Blossom Plum Flower Festival held at Plum Blossom Hill, China's largest plum collection, attracts thousands of tourists both domestically and internationally. Other events include Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival, Jiangxin Zhou Fruit Festival and Linggu Temple Sweet Osmanthus Festival.

Library

The Nanjing Library, founded in 1907, houses over 10 million volumes of printed materials and is the third largest library in China, following the National Library in Beijing and the Shanghai Library. Other libraries, such as the city's Jinling Library and various district libraries, also provide considerable information to citizens. The Nanjing University Library is the second largest university library in China after the Peking University Library, and the nation's fifth largest library, especially in valuable collections.

Museum

Nanjing has some of the oldest and finest museums in China. The Nanjing Museum, formerly known as the National Center Museum during the ROC period, is the first modern museum and remains one of the leading museums in China with 400,000 items in its permanent collection. The museum is famous for its large collection of Ming and Qing imperial porcelain, which is one of the largest in the world. Other museums include Nanjing City Museum at Chaotian Palace, Metropolitan Oriental Museum, China Modern History Museum at Presidential Palace, Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall, Taiping Kingdom History Museum, Jiangning Kingdom Silk Manufacturing Museum, Nanjing Yunjin Museum, Nanjing City Museum of Cultural Heritage, Museum of Customs Nanjing at the Ganxi House, Nanjing Astronomical History Museum, Nanjing Paleontology Museum, Nanjing Geological Museum, Nanjing Sound Tone Museum, and other museums and memorials such as the Modern Memorial Monument of James Zheng He Memorial Jingling.

Theater

Most of Nanjing's main theaters are multi-purpose, used as meeting hall, cinema, music room and theater on different occasions. The main theater includes the People's Convention Hall and Nanjing Arts and Culture Center. The famous Capital Theater of the past is now a museum in theater/film.

Nightlife

Traditionally, Nanjing nightlife is largely centered around the Nanjing Fuzimiao (Confucius Temple) area along the Qinhuai River, where night markets, restaurants and pubs thrive. Boating at night on the river is the main attraction of the city. Thus, one can see the statues of famous teachers and educators in the past not too far from the prostitutes who educate the youth in other arts.

In the last 20 years, several commercial roads have been developed, so the nightlife becomes more diverse: there is a shopping center opened ahead of Xinjiekou CBD and Hunan Road. The established "Nanjing 1912" district hosts numerous recreational facilities ranging from traditional restaurants and western pubs to dance clubs. There are two main areas where the bars are in crowded places; one in block 1912; the others are along the Shanghai road and its surroundings. Both are popular with the city's international population.

Local people still really enjoy street food, such as kebab sheep. Like elsewhere in Asia, karaoke is popular with young and old people.

Food and symbolism

Many of the city's favorite local dishes are based on ducks, including the Nanjing salted duck, duck blood and vermicelli soup, and the duck's oil pancakes.

Radish is also a typical food that represents the people of Nanjing, who have spread through word of mouth as an interesting fact for many years in China. According to Nanjing.GOV.cn, "There is a long history of growing radishes in Nanjing especially in the southern suburbs.In spring, the radishes taste very juicy and sweet It is well known that people in Nanjing are like eating radishes And people are even referred to as 'Nanjing big lobish', which means they are not sophisticated, passionate and conservative.From a health standpoint, eating radishes can help offset the stodgy food people take during the Spring Festival. "

src: airlines-airports.com

Sports and stadium

Nanjing's planned 20,000-seat Youth Olympic Sports Park Gymnasium will be one of the venues for the FIBA ​​Basketball World Cup â € <â € <2019.

As a big city in China, Nanjing is home to many professional sports teams. Jiangsu Suning FC, a football club currently living in the Chinese Super League, is a long-term tenant of the Nanjing Olympic Sports Center. Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club is a competitive team that has long been one of the premier clubs battling for the title in China's top league, CBA. The Volleyball team and the Jiangsu women's team are also traditionally regarded as the top teams in the Chinese volleyball league.

There are two major sports centers in Nanjing, Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center. Both of them are comprehensive sports centers, including stadiums, gymnasiums, natatorium, tennis courts, etc. Wutaishan Sports Center was founded in 1952 and is one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in the early days of the People's Republic of China.

Nanjing hosted the 10th PRC National Match in 2005 and hosted the 2nd Summer Summer Olympics in 2014.

In 2005, to host the 10th National Game of People's Republic of China, there is a new stadium, Nanjing Olympic Sports Center, built in Nanjing. Compared with the Wutaishan Sports Center, whose main stadium capacity is 18,500, the Nanjing Olympic Sports Center has a more advanced stadium large enough to accommodate 60,000 spectators. The gym has a capacity of 13,000, and a 3,000 capacity natatorium.

On February 10, 2010, the 122th IOC Session in Vancouver announced Nanjing as the host city for the 2nd Summer Youth Olympic Games. The slogan of Youth Olympic Games 2014 is "Share the Game, Share Our Dream". Nanjing 2014 Youth Olympics featuring all 28 sports in the Olympic program and held from 16 to 28 August. Nanjing Youth Olympic Organizing Committee (NYOGOC) is working with the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to attract the best young athletes from around the world to compete at the highest level. Outside the field of competition, integrated cultural and educational programs focus on discussions about education, Olympic values, social challenges, and cultural diversity. YOG aims to spread the Olympic spirit and encourage sports participation.

src: www.metro-report.com

Tourism

Nanjing is one of the most beautiful cities in mainland China with lush green gardens, beautiful natural lakes, small mountains, historic buildings and monuments, relics and more, attracting thousands of tourists each year.

Buildings and monuments

Imperial period

• Stone City
• Qixia Temple
• Linggu Temple
• Jiming Temple
• Southern Tang Grave (????)
• Fuzimiao (Confucius Temple) and Qinhuai River
• Jiangnan Gongyuan
• Nanjing City Wall
• The Ming Dynasty Palace Site
• Chaotian Palace
• Nanjing Drum Tower
• Beiji Ge
• Jinghai Temple
• Zhonghua Gate
• Nanjing Porcelain Pagoda (destroyed)
• Xu Garden
• Zhan Yuan Garden
• Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and surrounding complex
• Yangshan Quarry
• Yuejiang Lou

Chinese Republic Period

Since it was designated as the national capital, many structures were built around that time. Even today, some of them still remain open to tourists.

• Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum and the surrounding area
• Former Presidential Palace, Nanjing ROC
• The former Central Government ROC Builders Group along the N. Zhongshan Road (????????)
• Former KMT Building Central Committee (?????????)
• Jiangsu Art Gallery (Former National Art Gallery Building)
• Nanjing People's Center (Former National Center)
• Former Foreign Embassy in Gulou Area (?????)
• Nanking Cluster Residence Officers along Yihe Road (??????)
• Former Central Stadium (now on the Nanjing Sport Institute campus) (????????????)
• Former Radio Center KMT Building
• The Republic of China Military Academy Building (??????????)
• The former Bank of China Nanking Branch Building (?????????)
• Former Bank of Communications Nanking Branch Building (?????????)
• The former ROC Central Bank Nanking Branch Building (?????????)
• Theater Dahua (?????)
• Lizhishe Building (???)
• Former Macklin Hospital Building (Gulou Hospital) (??????????????????
• Former Central Hospital Building (????????)
• Former National Museum Center Building (Nanjing Museum) (???????????)
• Purple Mountain Observatory
• Former Academia Sinica from ROC Building (?????????)
• Former Central University Building (former Nanjing University building, now on Sipailou campus of Southeast University)
• The former University of Nanking Building (now at Nanjing University's Gulou campus)
• Former Ginling College Building (now on Suiyuan Nanjing Normal University campus)
• St. Paul's Church (????)
• Central Hotel (????)
• Former Capital Hotel (Huajiang Hotel) (????/????)
• Yangtse Hotel (????)
• Hongshan Zoo (?????)

Chinese People's Period

• Jinling Hotel
• Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge
• Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall
• Zifeng Tower

Parks and gardens

• China Gate Castle Park
• Garden Couple
• Defense Park
• Gulin Park
• Mochou Lake and Park
• Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo
• Purple Mountain Mountain Area
• Qingliangshan Park
• Taoye ferry
• White Horse Park
• Wuchaomen Park
• Xiamafang Ruins Park
• Xu Garden
• Xuanwu Lake
• Yuhuatai Memorial Park of Revolutionary Martyrs
• Zhan Yuan Garden
• Zhongshan Botanic Garden

Other points of interest

• Tangshan Hot Springs
• Yangshan Quarry
• Jiangxin Island
• Yangtze River crossing power lines, the highest transmission tower built from concrete.

src: inhabitat.com

Education

Nanjing has been an educational center in southern China for over 1700 years. There are 75 institutions of higher learning until 2013. The number of key national laboratories, key national disciplines and academics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering are all ranked third in the country. It boasts some of the most prominent educational institutions in the region, some of which are listed as follows:

Universities and colleges

Universities and national colleges

Operated by Ministry of Education

• Chinese Pharmaceutical University
• Hohai University
• Nanjing Agriculture University
• Nanjing University
• Southeast University

Operated by Ministry of Industry and Information Technology

• Nanjing Aeronautics and Astronautics University
• Nanjing University of Science and Technology

Operated by the joint Commission of the State Forest Administration and Ministry of Public Order

• Nanjing Forest Police College (????????)

Source of the article : Wikipedia