A customer identity module or a customer identification module ( SIM ), widely known as SIM card , integrated circuit is intended to store an international mobile customer ID (IMSI) ID and associated key, used to identify and authenticate customers on mobile devices (such as mobile phones and computers). You can also save contact information on many SIM cards. SIM card is always used on GSM phone; for CDMA phones, they are only required for newer LTE-capable handsets. SIM cards can also be used on satellite phones, computers, or cameras.
The SIM circuits are part of the functionality of the integrated physical card integrated circuit card (UICC), which is usually made of PVC with embedded contacts and semiconductors. SIM cards can be transferred between different mobile devices. The first UICC smart card is the size of a credit card and bank card; the size is reduced several times over the years, usually keeping the same electrical contacts, so larger cards can be cut to smaller sizes.
The SIM card contains a unique serial number (ICCID), an international mobile customer ID (IMSI) number, security authentication and coding information, temporary local network related information, a list of services that the user can access, and two passwords: a personal identification number (PIN) for regular use, and personal unblocking code (PUC) to open the PIN.
Video Subscriber identity module
History and procurement
SIM was originally determined by the European Telecommunication Standards Institute in specification with TS 11.11. This specification describes the physical and logical behavior of the SIM. With UMTS development, the specification work is partially transferred to 3GPP. 3GPP is now responsible for further application development such as SIM (TS 51.011) and USIM (TS 31.102) and ETSI for further development of UICC physical cards.
The first SIM card was developed in 1991 by Munich smart card maker, Giesecke & amp; Devrient, which sold the first 300 SIM cards to the Finnish wireless network operator, Radiolinja.
Today, SIM cards are spread everywhere, allowing more than 7 billion devices to connect to mobile networks around the world. According to the International Card Manufacturers Association (ICMA), there are 5.4 billion SIM cards globally produced in 2016 that generate more than $ 6.5 billion in revenues for traditional SIM card vendors. The increase in IoT and 5G cellular networks is expected to drive market growth that can be addressed for SIM card manufacturers to more than 20 billion mobile devices by 2020. The introduction of embedded SIM (eSIM) and Remote SIM Provisioning (RSP) from GSMA may disrupt the traditional SIM card ecosystem with the entry of new players specializing in the provision of "digital" SIM cards and other value-added services for mobile network operators.
Inactivation
Many non-contract "pay-as-you-go" arrangements require customers to actively use credit periodically to avoid account expiration. Expiry period depends on the network operator (operator) and usually between 3 months and 1 year. Failure to comply may result in operator inactivation of the network.
Registration
Most countries and operators require the identification of subscribers to activate the service, but some, such as Hong Kong SAR, (formerly) Indonesia, Lithuania, Philippines, United Kingdom, and the United States, are not.
Maps Subscriber identity module
Design
There are three operating voltages for the SIM card: 5 V , 3 V and 1.8 V (ISO/IEC 7816-3 class A, B and C, respectively). The operating voltage of the majority of SIM cards launched before 1998 is 5 V . The resulting SIM card is further compatible with 3 V and 5 V . The modern card supports 5 V , 3 V and 1,8 V .
Modern SIM cards allow applications to load when SIM is used by customers. This app communicates with the handset or server using the SIM Application Toolkit, which was originally defined by 3GPP in TS 11.14. (There are identical ETSI specifications with different numbering.) ETSI and 3GPP maintain SIM specifications. The main specifications are: ETSI TS 102 223, ETSI TS 102 241, ETSI TS 102 588, and ETSI TS 131 111. SIM toolkit applications originally written in native code using proprietary APIs. To provide application interoperability, ETSI selects Java Card. Additional standard sizes and specifications of interest are managed by GlobalPlatform.
Data
The SIM card stores network-specific information that is used to authenticate and identify customers on the network. The most important are ICCID, IMSI, Authentication Key (Ki), Local Area Identity (LAI) and Operator Emergency Number. The SIM also stores other operator-specific data such as SMSC (Short Message Service Center) number, Service Provider Name (SPN), Service Call Number (SDN), Suggestions-Of-Charge parameter and Value Added Service (VAS) service. (See GSM 11.11)
The SIM card can have various data capacities, from 8 KB to at least 256 KB . All can hold a maximum of 250 contacts in the SIM, but while 32 KB has space for 33 Mobile Network Code (MNC) or network identifier , 64 KB Version has room for 80 MNC. This is used by network operators to store data on preferred networks, mostly used when the SIM is not in the home network but roaming. The network operator that issued the SIM card can use this to connect the phone to a preferred network that is more economical for the operator than having to pay the network operator that the phone 'sees' first. This does not mean that the phone containing this SIM card can connect to a maximum of only 33 or 80 networks, but that means that the SIM card issuer can only set up the preferred network number. If the SIM is outside of this preferred network use the first or best available network.
ICCID
Each SIM is internationally identified by an integrated circuit card identifier (ICCID). ICCID is stored on the SIM card and is also engraved or printed on the SIM card body during a process called personalization. ICCID is defined by the recommendation of ITU-T E.118 as Primary Account Number . The layout is based on ISO/IEC 7812. According to E.118, the number reaches 22 digits, including single digit checks calculated using Luhn algorithm. However, GSM Phase 1 defines ICCID length as 10 octets (20 digits) with operator-specific structure.
This number consists of the following sub-sections:
Publisher identification number (IIN)
Maximum seven digits:
- Primary industry identifier (MII), 2 digits fixed, 89 for telecommunication purposes.
- Country code, 1-3 digits, as defined by ITU-T E.164 recommendations.
- Publisher identifier, 1-4 digits.
Identify individual accounts
- Individual account identification number. The length varies, but each number under one IIN has the same length.
Check digits
- Single digits are calculated from other digits using the Luhn algorithm.
With the Phase 1 GSM specification using 10 octets where ICCID is stored as packed BCD, the data field has space for 20 digits with the hexadecimal digit "F" used as filler when needed.
In practice this means that on a GSM SIM card there are 20 digits (19 1) and 19 digit (18 1) ICCID used, depending on the issuer. However, one publisher always uses the same size for its ICCID.
To confuse the problem further, SIM factories seem to have various ways to send electronic copies of the personalized dataset of the SIM. Some datasets without ICCID checksum digits, others with digits.
As required by E.118, ITU publishes a list of all internationally assigned IIN codes currently in its Operational Bulletin. In October 2016 the list issued on November 15, 2013 is current.
International mobile customer ID (IMSI)
SIM cards are identified on their respective carrier networks by a unique International Mobile Customer Identity (IMSI). Mobile network operators connect cell phone calls and communicate with their market SIM cards using their IMSI. The format is:
- The first three digits represent the Mobile Country Code (MCC).
- The next two or three digits represent the Mobile Network Code (MNC). Three-digit MNC codes are permitted by E.212 but are mainly used in the United States and Canada.
- The next digit shows the mobile subscriber identification number (MSIN). There are usually 10 digits, but may be less in 3-digit MNC cases or if national regulations indicate that the total length of the IMSI should be less than 15 digits.
- Digit differs from country to country.
Authentication key (K i )
K i is the 128-bit value used to authenticate SIM on GSM mobile network (for USIM network, you still need K i but other parameters are also required). Each SIM has a unique K i assigned to it by the operator during the personalization process. K i is also stored in the database (called the authentication center or AuC) on the carrier network.
The SIM card is designed to prevent someone from obtaining K i by using the smart-card interface. Instead, the SIM card provides the function, Run the GSM Algorithm , which the phone uses to pass data to the SIM card for signing with K i . This, by design, makes mandatory SIM card usage unless K i can be extracted from the SIM card, or the operator is willing to disclose K i . In practice, the GSM cryptography algorithm for calculating SRES_2 (see step 4, below) of K i has certain vulnerabilities that can allow K i extraction from SIM card and SIM card creation duplicate.
Authentication process:
- When the mobile device is running, it obtains the international mobile customer ID (IMSI) of the SIM card, and forward it to the mobile operator, requesting access and authentication. The mobile equipment may need to provide a PIN to the SIM card before the SIM card discloses this information.
- The carrier network looks for its database for the incoming IMSI and the corresponding i .
- The carrier network then generates a random number (RAND, which is a nonce) and signs it with the i associated with the IMSI (and stored on the SIM card), computes another number, divided into Response 1 (SRES_1, 32 bit) and encryption key K c (64 bit).
- The network operator then sends RAND to the mobile device, which passes it on to the SIM card. The SIM card signs it with K i , generates SRES_2 and K c , which it gives to the mobile equipment. Mobile devices forward SRES_2 to operator network.
- The carrier network then compares the SRES_1 it calculates with the computed SRES_2 that the mobile device returns. If both numbers match, the SIM is authenticated and the phone equipment is granted access to the carrier's network. K c is used to encrypt all further communication between mobile devices and networks.
Identity of location area
SIM stores network status information, which is received from the Site Area Identity (LAI). The operator network is divided into the Location Area, each having a unique LAI number. When the device changes location, it saves the new LAI to the SIM and sends it back to the carrier network with its new location. If the device has a power cycle, it retrieves data from the SIM, and searches for previous LAI.
SMS messages and contacts
Most SIM cards store a number of SMS messages and phonebook contacts. It stores contacts in simple "name and number" pairs. Entries containing many phone numbers and additional phone numbers are not usually stored on the SIM card. When a user tries to copy the entry to SIM, the handset software breaks it down into multiple entries, discarding information that is not a phone number. The number of contacts and messages stored depends on the SIM; the initial model is stored at least five messages and 20 contacts, while modern SIM cards can usually store more than 250 contacts.
Format
SIM cards have been made smaller for years; functionality does not depend on the format. Full size SIM followed by mini-SIM, micro-SIM, and nano-SIM. The SIM card is also made to embed the device.
Full size SIM
The full size SIM (or 1FF, form factor 1) is the first form factor that appears. It has a credit card size (85.60 mm ÃÆ'â € "53.98 mm ÃÆ'â €" 0.76 mm). Smaller SIMs are often supplied in full size cards that can be pushed out.
Mini-SIM
The mini-SIM card (or 2FF) has the same contact settings as a full-size SIM card and is usually provided in a full-size card intro, attached by a number of snippet links. This setting (defined in ISO/IEC 7810 as ID-1/000) allows such cards to be used in devices requiring full-size cards - or in devices requiring mini SIM cards, after breaking linking links. Because full size SIM is no longer in use, some suppliers refer to the mini-SIM as a "standard SIM" or "regular SIM".
Micro-SIM
The micro-SIM card (or 3FF) has the same thickness and contact settings, but reduces the length and width as shown in the table above.
Micro-SIM is introduced by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) along with SCP, 3GPP (UTRAN/GERAN), 3GPP2 (CDMA2000), ARIB, GSM Association (GSMA SCaG and GSMNA), GlobalPlatform, Liberty Alliance, and Open Mobile Alliance (OMA ) for installation purposes to devices that are too small for mini-SIM cards.
The form factor was mentioned in the 3GG 3GG 3GG Work Party SMG9 December 1998, which is the standard setting body for GSM SIM cards, and form factor was agreed upon at the end of 2003.
Micro-SIM is designed for backward compatibility. The main problem for backward compatibility is the chip contact area. Maintaining the same contact area makes the micro-SIM compatible with previous larger SIM readers through the use of plastic pieces that surround it. The SIM is also designed to run at the same speed (5 MHz) as the previous version. The same pin size and position resulted in many YouTube "Instructions" and video tutorials with detailed instructions on how to cut mini-SIM card to micro-SIM size.
Chairman of EP SCP, Dr. Klaus Vedder, said
- "ETSI has responded to market needs of ETSI customers, but other than that there is a strong desire not to cancel, overnight, existing interfaces, or reduce card performance."
Micro-SIM cards were introduced by various cellular service providers for the original iPad launch, and then for smartphones, from April 2010. The iPhone 4 was the first smartphone to use micro-SIM cards in June 2010, followed by many others.
Nano-SIM
The nano-SIM card (or 4FF) card was introduced on October 11, 2012, when mobile service providers in different countries began providing it for phones that supported the format. The nano-SIM size is 12.3 ÃÆ' -Ã, 8.8 ÃÆ'-0.67 mm and reduces the previous format to the contact area while maintaining existing contact settings. Small rim of insulating material remaining around the contact area to avoid short circuit with socket. The Nano-SIM is 0.67 mm thick, compared to 0.76 mm from its predecessor. 4FF can be incorporated into the adapter for use with devices designed for 2FF or 3FF SIM, and made thinner for that purpose, but many phone companies do not recommend it.
The iPhone 5, released in September 2012, is the first device to use a nano-SIM card, followed by another handset.
Embedded universal integrated circuit card (SIMUI)
Future new SIM types are called e-SIM or eSIM (embedded SIM). It is an embedded chip that can not be replaced in the SON-8 package soldered directly to the circuit board. It has the ability to provide M2M and long distance SIM.
The surface mount format provides the same electrical interface with full-size, 2FF and 3FF SIM cards, but soldered to the circuit board as part of the manufacturing process. In M2M applications where there is no requirement to replace SIM cards, this avoids the requirements for connectors, improves reliability and security. The GSMA has discussed the possibility of software-based SIM cards since 2010. While Motorola notes that eUICC is geared towards industrial devices, Apple "does not agree that there are statements prohibiting the use of UICC embedded in consumer products." In 2012, the European Commission has selected the Embedded UICC format for emergency call service in a vehicle known as eCall. In line with previous statements, Apple sent second-generation Apple Pro and Apple Watch 3 Series with embedded SIM module. All new car models in the EU must have one by 2018 to immediately connect the car to emergency services in the event of an accident. Russia has a plan similar to the ERA-GLONASS regional satellite positioning system.
Security
In July 2013, Karsten Nohl, a security researcher from SRLabs, described the vulnerability in some SIM cards that support DES, which, although old, is still used by some operators. The attack may cause the phone to be cloned remotely or let someone steal payment credentials from the driver's license. Further details of this research are provided at BlackHat on July 31, 2013.
In response, the International Telecommunication Union said that the development was "very significant" and would contact its members.
In February 2015, it was reported by The Intercept that the NSA and GCHQ have stolen the encryption key (Ki) used by Gemalto (manufacturer of 2 billion SIM cards each year), allowing these intelligence agencies to monitor voice and data communications without the knowledge or consent from mobile network providers or judicial oversight. After completing his investigation, Gemalto claims that he has "reasonable reasons" to believe that the NSA and GCHQ conducted operations to hack their networks in 2010 and 2011, but said the number of possible stolen keys would not be great.
Developments
When GSM is already in use, the specification is further developed and enhanced with functions such as SMS and GPRS. These development steps are referred to as releases by ETSI. In this development cycle, SIM specifications are also improved: new voltage classes, formats and files are introduced.
USIM
In GSM time only, SIM consists of hardware and software. With the emergence of this naming UMTS split: SIM is now an application and therefore only software. The hardware part is called UICC. This split is necessary because UMTS introduces a new application, universal customer identity module (USIM). USIM brings, among other things, increased security such as shared authentication and longer encryption keys and improved address book.
UICC
"SIM card" in the developed world today usually UICCs contain at least SIM applications and USIM applications. This configuration is required because older GSM handsets are only compatible with SIM applications and some UMTS security improvements depend on the USIM app.
Other variants
On cdmaOne network, the equivalent of SIM card is R-UIM and the equivalent of SIM application is CSIM.
A Virtual SIM is a mobile phone number provided by a mobile network operator that does not require a SIM card to connect a phone call to a user's mobile phone.
In 2015 Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, ​​â € <â €
Usage in phone standard
The use of a SIM card is mandatory in GSM devices.
Iridium, Thuraya and Inmarsat's BGAN satellite phone networks also use SIM cards. Sometimes, this SIM card works on regular GSM phones and also allows GSM subscribers to surf the satellite network using their own SIM card on satellite phone.
The Japanese 2G PDC system (which closed in 2012, SoftBank Mobile has shut down the PDC from March 31, 2010) also sets the driver's license, but this has never been applied commercially. Interface Specifications between Cellular Equipment and SIM are given in RCR STD-27 attachments 4. Expert Group The Customer Identity Module is a specialist committee assembled by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to create a specification (GSM 11.11) for interacting between smart cards and mobile phones. In 1994, the SIMEG name was changed to SMG9.
Japan's current and next generation mobile systems are based on W-CDMA (UMTS) and CDMA2000 and all use SIM cards. However, Japanese CDMA2000 based phones are locked on R-UIMs associated with and thus, cards are not interchangeable with other Japanese CDMA2000 handsets (though they can be incorporated into GSM/WCDMA handsets for roaming purposes outside of Japan).
CDMA-based devices initially did not use removable cards, and the service for this phone was tied to the unique identifiers contained in the handset itself. This is most prevalent in operators in America. The first publication of the TIA-820 standard (also known as 3GPP2 C.S0023) in 2000 defined the Removable User Identity Module (R-UIM). Card-based CDMA devices are mostly used in Asia.
Setara dengan SIM di UMTS disebut kartu sirkuit terpadu universal (UICC), yang menjalankan aplikasi USIM. UICC masih bahasa sehari-hari disebut kartu SIM .
SIM dan operator
SIM cards introduce new and significant business opportunities for mobile MVNO mobile network operators - who lease capacity from one network operator rather than own or operate a mobile telecommunication network, and only provide SIM cards to their customers. MVNO first appeared in Denmark, Hong Kong, Finland and the UK. Today they are in more than 50 countries, including most of Europe, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia and parts of Asia, and account for about 10% of all cellular subscribers worldwide.
On some networks, the phone is locked to the operator's SIM card, which means that the phone only works with the SIM card of a particular carrier. This is more common in markets where mobile phones are heavily subsidized by operators, and the business model depends on the customer staying with the service provider for a minimum period of time (usually 12, 18 or 24 months). The SIM card issued by the provider with the related contract is called SIM-only . Common examples are GSM networks in the United States, Canada, Australia, UK, and Poland. Many businesses offer the ability to remove the SIM lock from the phone, effectively allowing to use the phone on any network by inserting a different SIM card. Mostly, GSM and 3G phones can be easily opened and used on networks that match any SIM card.
In countries where phones are not subsidized, for example, India, Israel and Belgium, all phones are unlocked. Where the phone is not locked to its SIM card, users can easily switch networks simply by replacing SIM cards from one network with another while using just one phone. This is typical, for example, among users who might want to optimize their carrier traffic at different rates to different friends on different networks, or when traveling abroad.
In 2016, operators begin to use the concept of automatic SIM activation where they allow users to reuse an outdated SIM card rather than buying new ones when they want to subscribe back to the carrier. This is particularly useful in countries where prepaid calls dominate and where competition encourages high churn rates, as users have to go back to the carrier shop to buy a new SIM each time they want to return to the carrier.
SIM-only
Generally sold as a product by a cellular telecommunications company, "SIM-only" refers to the type of legally binding contract between cellular network providers and customers. The contract itself takes the form of a credit agreement and is subject to credit checks.
In SIM-only contracts, mobile network providers supply their customers with only one piece of hardware, a SIM card, which includes an agreed amount of network usage instead of monthly payments. Use of networks in SIM-only contracts can be measured in minutes, text, data or a combination of these. The duration of SIM-only contracts varies depending on the deal chosen by the customer, but in the UK they are available for a period of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months.
SIM-specific contracts are different from contract phones because they do not include devices other than SIM cards. In terms of network usage, SIM-only is usually more effective than other contracts because the provider does not charge more to offset mobile device costs over the contract period. Short contract length is one of the key features of SIM-only - made possible by the absence of a mobile device.
Only SIMs are increasing in popularity very quickly. In 2010, monthly mobile phone subscription payments increased from 41 percent to 49 percent of all mobile phone subscriptions in the UK. According to German research firm Gfk, 250,000 SIM-only mobile contracts were taken in the UK during July 2012 alone, the highest number since GfK started keeping records.
Increased penetration of smartphones in combination with financial problems encourages customers to save money by switching to SIM only when their initial contract expires.
Multi-SIM devices
Devices with two SIM slots are known as dual SIMs. Dual SIM phones usually come with two slots for the SIM, one behind the battery and one on the side of the phone, although in some devices both slots can be found in the battery tray, or on the side of the phone if the device does not have a removable battery. Multi-SIM devices are common in emerging markets such as Africa, East Asia, Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, where billing rates and various network/mode coverage make it desirable for consumers to use multiple SIMs from competing networks. This is also useful when you divide work and home numbers for better privacy. They are not common in the Western world.
See also
- Apple SIM
- International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
- GSM 03.48
- cloning SIM
- SIM connector
- IP Multimedia Services Identity Module (ISIM)
- W-SIM (Willcom-SIM)
- Mobile device identifier (MEID)
- VMAC
- Mobile signature
- Single Wire Protocol (SWP)
- The SIM Application Toolkit (STK)
- Mobile broadband
- Tethering
- Smart card
- Regional Locking
- USSD GSM Codes - Unstructured Additional Services Data: standard GSM code list for network and SIM related functions
- Remote SIM provisioning
References
External links
- Standard ETSI Smart Card (102 221)
- GSM 11.11 - Specification of Subscriber Identity Module-Mobile Equipment (SIM-ME) interface.
- GSM 11.14 - Specification of the SIM Application Toolkit for Interface Module Module-Subscriber Mobile Phone (SIM-ME)
- GSM 03.48 - Specifies the security mechanisms for the SIM application toolkit
- GSM 03.48 Java API - API and GSM 03.48 realization in Java
- ITU-T E.118 - International Telecommunication Cost Card 2006 ITU-T
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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