Collage (from French: coller , "to paste"; French pronunciation: Ã, [kla.la?] ) is an art production technique, mainly used in visual arts, where artwork is made from collecting various shapes, creating a whole new one.
A collage can sometimes include magazine clippings and newspapers, ribbons, paints, colored or handcrafted pieces of paper, parts of artwork or other text, photographs and other objects found, glued onto a piece of paper or canvas. The origins of collage can be traced back hundreds of years, but this technique made a dramatic reappearance in the early 20th century as a form of novelty art.
The term collage was created by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso in the early 20th century when collages became a different part of modern art.
Video Collage
History
Initial precedence
The collage technique was first used at the time of paper discovery in China, around 200 BC. The use of collage, however, was not used by many people until the 10th century in Japan, when calligraphers began to apply glued paper, using text on the surface, while writing their poems. Collage techniques appeared in medieval Europe during the 13th century. Leaves of gold panels began to be applied in Gothic cathedrals around the 15th and 16th centuries. Gems and other precious metals were applied to religious images, icons, and also, on the weapon's emblem. Examples of 18th-century collage art can be found in the work of Mary Delany. In the 19th century, collage methods were also used among fans for memorabilia (eg applied to photo albums) and books (eg Hans Christian Andersen, Carl Spitzweg). Many institutions linked the beginning of collage practice with Picasso and Braque in 1912, however, early Victorian photocollage suggested a collage technique that was practiced in the early 1860s. Many agencies recognize these works as memorabilia for fans, though they serve as facilitators of Victoria's aristocratic collective portrait, evidence of women's knowledge, and present a new mode of artistic representation that questions the way of honest photography. In 2009, curator Elizabeth Siegel held an exhibition: Playing with Pictures at the Chicago Art Institute to recognize collage works by Alexandra of Denmark and Mary Georgina Filmer. The exhibition then travels to the Metropolitan Art Museum and the Art Gallery of Ontario.
Collage and modernism
Despite the use of collage app techniques such as pre-twentieth century, some art authorities have argued that collages, speaking correctly, did not appear until after 1900, along with the early stages of modernism.
For example, the art glossary of Tate Gallery states that collage "was first used as an artist technique in the 20th century." According to the online art glossary of the Guggenheim Museum, collage is an artistic concept associated with early modernism, and requires more than the idea of ​​sticking something into something else. The embedded patch that Braque and Picasso added to their canvas offers a new perspective on painting when the patch "collides with the surface area of ​​the painting." In this perspective, collage is part of a methodical reexamination of the relationship between painting and sculpture, and these new works "give each medium some other characteristics," according to the Guggenheim essay. Furthermore, the cut pieces of newspaper have introduced pieces of meaning that are referred externally to the collision: "References to current events, such as the war in the Balkans, and to popular culture enrich the content of their art." The alignment of these markers, "as well as serious and tongue-in-cheek," is the basis of inspiration behind collages: "Emphasizing concepts and processes on the final product, collages have brought congress into meaningful congresses with the usual."
Collage in painting
Collage in the modernist sense begins with the painters Cubism Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso. According to some sources, Picasso is the first to use collage techniques in oil painting. According to the Guggenheim Museum online article on collage, Braque took his own collage concept before Picasso, applying it to a charcoal image. Picasso adopts the collage soon after (and can be the first to use collage in the painting, compared to the picture):
"It was Braque who bought a roll of grain wallpaper grain and began cutting up pieces of paper and sticking it on the image of his image Picasso immediately started to make his own experiments in new media."
In 1912 for his Can Life with Chair Caning (Picasso), Picasso inserted a patch of oil cloth with a chair design onto the canvas.
Surrealist artists have used many collages. Cubomania is a collage made by cutting the image into a box that is then re-installed automatically or randomly. Collages produced using similar, or perhaps identical, methods are called etrÃÆ' © cissements by Marcel MariÃÆ'Â nn from the method first explored by MariÃÆ'Â Â «n. Surrealist games such as parallel collage use collective-making collage techniques.
The Sidney Janis Gallery held an early Pop Art exhibition called New Realist Exhibition in November 1962, which included the works of American artists Tom Wesselmann, Jim Dine, Robert Indiana, Roy Lichtenstein, Claes Oldenburg, James Rosenquist , George Segal, and Andy Warhol; and Europeans like Arman, Baj, Christo, Yves Klein, Festa, Rotella, Jean Tinguely, and Schifano. This follows the exhibition of the Nouveau RÃÆ' Ã… alisme at Galerie Rive Droite in Paris, and marks the international debut of artists who soon brought up what came to be called Pop Art in Britain and the United States and Nouveau RÃÆ' Â © alisme in continental Europe. Many of these artists use collage techniques in their work. Wesselmann took part in the New Realist show with multiple reservations, exhibiting two 1962 works: Still life # 17 and Still life # 22 .
Another technique is from the canvas collage, which is an application, usually with glue, from a canvas patch that is painted separately onto the main canvas surface of the painting. Famous for this technique was British artist John Walker in his paintings in the late 1970s, but canvas collage has become an integral part of mixed media works from American artists such as Conrad Marca-Relli and Jane Frank in the early 1960s. The self-critical Lee Krasner often destroyed his own painting by cutting it into pieces, only to create new art by rearranging the pieces into collages.
Collage with wood
wood collage is the type that appears somewhat slower than paper collage. Kurt Schwitters began experimenting with wood collage in 1920 after already giving up painting for paper collage. The principle of wooden collage is clearly defined at least as early as 'Merz with Candle', from the mid to late 1920s.
It is also interesting to note that wood collage in the sense of making its debut, indirectly, at the same time as a paper collage, because (according to Guggenheim online), Georges Braque started the use of paper collage by cutting off the pieces of clone-grain wallpaper and attaching it to an image charcoal itself. Thus, the idea of ​​attaching wood to the image is implicitly present from the beginning, since the paper used in the first paper collage is a commercial product made to look like wood.
It was during a period of fifteen years of intense experimentation beginning in the mid-1940s that Louise Nevelson evolved the collage of his sculptured wood, assembled from pieces found, including pieces of furniture, pieces of wooden crates or vats, and architectural remains such as fences ladder or mold. Generally rectangular, very large, and painted black, they resemble giant paintings. Regarding Nevelson's Sky Cathedral (1958), the Museum of Modern Art catalog states, "As a rectangular plane to be seen from the front, Sky Cathedral has the image quality of painting..." But such pieces also present themselves as massive walls or monoliths, which can sometimes be seen on either side, or even visible through .
Many wooden collage arts are much smaller in scale, framed and hung as paintings. Usually features pieces of wood, wood shavings, or chunks, assembled on canvas (if there is a painting involved), or on a wooden board. Collages relief wood-framed like a picture, as it offers an opportunity for artists to explore the quality of depth, natural color, and variations of texture inherent in the material, pulling and take advantage of the language, conventions, and resonance historically arising from the tradition of creating pictures to hang on the wall. Wood collage technique also sometimes combined with painting and other media in a single work of art.
Often, the so-called "wooden collage art" uses only natural wood - such as driftwood, or parts of uncovered and unchanged logs, twigs, logs, or bark. This raises the question of whether the artwork is collage (in the original sense) at all (see Collage and modernism). This is because early, paper collages are generally made of pieces of text or images - things originally made by people, and functioning or signifying in some cultural contexts. This collage carries these recognizable "markers" (or pieces of markers) together, in a sort of semiotic collision. A chopped wooden chair or stairway newel used in a Nevelson work can also be considered a potential element of collage in the same sense: it has some native, culturally determined context. Unchanging natural wood, as might be found on the forest floor, arguably lacks such a context; Therefore, the characteristic contextual disturbance associated with the idea of ​​collage, as it comes from Braque and Picasso, can not really happen. (Drift wood is of course sometimes ambiguous: while a piece of driftwood may have once been a piece of wood already worked - for example, part of a ship - may have been so weathered by salt and sea that its past functional identity is almost or completely obscured.)
Decoupage
Decoupage is a type of collage that is usually defined as a craft. This is the process of placing images into objects for decoration. Decoupage can involve adding multiple copies of the same image, cut and layered to add a clear depth. Images are often coated with varnish or other seals for protection.
At the beginning of the 20th century, decoupage, like many other art methods, began experimenting with less realistic and more abstract styles. Twentieth-century artists producing decoupage work include Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. The most famous decoupage work is Matisse Blue Nude II.
There are many variations on traditional techniques involving the purpose of making 'glue' that require less layers (often 5 or 20, depending on the amount of paper involved). Cutouts are also applied under glass or raised to give a three dimensional look in accordance with decouper wishes. Currently decoupage is a popular craft.
This aircraft is known as the dÃÆ' Â © coupage in France (from the verb dÃÆ' Â © couper , 'to cut') as it achieved great popularity during the 17th and 18th centuries. Many advanced techniques developed during this time, and items can take up to a year to complete as many coats and sanding are applied. Some famous or aristocratic practitioners include Marie Antoinette, Madame de Pompadour, and Beau Brummell. In fact, the majority of decoupage enthusiasts linked the early decoupage with 17th century Venice. But it is known before now in Asia.
The most likely origins of decoupage are considered to be the art of the East Siberian cemetery. The nomadic tribe will use cut out felts to decorate their deceased graves. From Siberia, the practice came to China, and in the 12th century, cut paper was used to decorate lanterns, windows, boxes, and other objects. In the seventeenth century, Italy, especially in Venice, was at the forefront of trade with the Far East and generally thought that through trade relations this paper ornament cut into Europe.
Photomontage
Collages made of photographs, or photographs, are called photomontage. Photomontage is the process (and the outcome) of composite photo making by cutting and combining a number of other photos. Composite images are sometimes photographed so that the final image is converted back into a seamless photographic print. The same method is done today using image editing software. This technique is called by professionals as compositing .
What exactly makes today's house so different, so interesting? was created in 1956 for the exhibition catalog It Is Tomorrow in London, England where it is reproduced. black and white. In addition, the pieces were used in posters for exhibitions. Richard Hamilton later created several works in which he reworked the subject and composition of pop art collages, including a 1992 version featuring female bodybuilders. Many artists have created derivative works from Hamilton's collage. P. C. Helm made the interpretation of 2000.
Other methods to combine images are also called photomontage, such as Victorian "combination printing", printing of more than one negative on a piece of printed paper (eg O. G. Rejlander, 1857), front projection techniques and computer montage. Just like a collage consisting of several aspects, artists also incorporate montage techniques. The black and white photomontage projection series from Romare Bearden (1912-1988) is an example. The method begins with the composition of paper, paint, and photographs placed on the 8 ½ inch board. Bearden improves the image with an emulsion which he then applies to the handler. Next, he enlarges the photo collage.
The 19th century tradition physically combines many images into composites and captures the results achieved in press photography and offset lithography to the widespread use of digital image editing. Contemporary photo editors in magazines are now making "outboard" digitally.
Making photomontage, in large part, becomes easier with the advent of computer software such as Adobe Photoshop, Pixel image editor, and GIMP. These programs make changes digitally, allowing faster workflows and more precise results. They also reduce errors by allowing the artist to "undo" errors. But some artists push the limits of digital image editing to create a very time-intensive composition that rivals traditional art demands. The current trend is to create images that combine painting, theater, illustrations and graphics in a seamless overall photography.
Digital collage
Digital collage is a technique of using computer tools in the manufacture of collages to encourage the association of different visual element opportunities and subsequent transformation of visual results through the use of electronic media. This is usually used in the creation of digital art.
Three-dimensional collage
3D Collage is the art of placing three-dimensional objects such as rocks, beads, buttons, coins, or even soil to form a whole new or new object. Examples may include houses, manic circles, etc.
Mosaic
It is the art of collating or assembling small pieces of paper, tiles, marble, stones, etc. They are often found in cathedrals, churches, temples as the spiritual meaning of interior design. Small pieces, usually about quadratic, of stone or glass of different colors, known as tesserae, (small tessellae), are used to create patterns or drawings.
eCollage
The term "eCollage" (Collage electronically) can be used for collages created using computer tools.
Artist collage
Gallery
Maps Collage
In another context
In architecture
Although Le Corbusier and other architects used a technique similar to collage, collage as a theoretical concept only became widely discussed after Collage City publication (1978) by Colin Rowe and Fred Koetter.
Rowe and Koetter are not, however, fighting for collages in a pictorial sense, let alone looking for the kind of disturbance of meaning that occurs with collages. Instead, they seek to challenge the uniformity of Modernism and view collages with the notion of non-linear history as a means to revive design practice. Not only does urban fabric historically have its place, but in learning it, even designers are expected to be able to understand how to operate it. Rowe is a member of the so-called Texas Rangers, a group of architects who taught at the University of Texas for a while. Another member of the group is Bernhard Hoesli, a Swiss architect who later became an important educator at ETH-Zurirch. As for Rowe, collage is more a metaphor than actual practice, Hoesli is actively creating collages as part of his design process. He is close to Robert Slutzky, a New York-based artist, and often introduces questions about collage and distractions in his studio work.
In music
The concept of collage has crossed the boundaries of the visual arts. In music, with advances in recording technology, avant-garde artists began experimenting with cutting and insertion since the mid-20th century.
In the 1960s, George Martin made a recording collage while producing the recording of The Beatles. In 1967 pop artist Peter Blake made a collage for the album cover of the Beatles seminal Sgt. Lost Pepper Club Band. In the 1970s and 1980s, people like Christian Marclay and the Negativland group took over the old audio in new ways. In the 1990s and 2000s, with the popularity of samplers, it became clear that "musical collage" has become the norm for popular music, especially in rap music, hip-hop and electronic music. In 1996, DJ Shadow released an innovative album, Endtroducing..... , made entirely of pre-recorded material mixed together in an audible collage. That same year, artist, writer and musician of New York City, Paul D. Miller aka DJ Spooky encourages sampling into the context of museums and galleries as an art practice that combines the DJ's cultural obsession with archival material as the source of sound. on his album Songs of a Dead Dreamer and in his book Rhythm Science (2004) and Sound Unbound (2008) (MIT Press). In his books, mash-ups and mixed collages of writers, artists, and musicians such as Antonin Artaud, James Joyce, William S. Burroughs, and Raymond Scott are featured as part of what he calls "literary voice." In 2000 , The Avalanches was released Since I Left You , a musical collage consisting of about 3,500 music sources (ie, samples).
In the illustration
Collage is generally used as a technique in illustrating children's picture books. Eric Carle is a striking example, using brightly colored hand-textured paper cut to be shaped and coated, sometimes decorated with crayons or other marks. See the picture at The Very Hungry Caterpillar.
In the artist book
Collages are sometimes used alone or in combination with other techniques in artist's books, especially in unique books one-time than as images reproduced in published books.
In the literature
A collage of novels is a book with images selected from other publications and organized together with themes or narrations.
The Bible discordianism, Principia Discordia , is described by its author as a literary collage. Collage in literary terms may also refer to the coating of ideas or drawings.
In the design mode
Collages are used in fashion designs in the sketching process, as part of mixed media illustrations, where drawings together with a variety of materials such as paper, photographs, threads or fabrics bring ideas into the design.
In the movie
Collage films are traditionally defined as, "A movie that juxtaposes fictitious scenes with footage taken from different sources, such as news." Combining different types of recordings can have various implications depending on the director's approach. Collage film can also refer to the physical collecting of materials into filmstrips. Canadian filmmaker Arthur Lipsett is well known for his collage movies, many of which are made from cutting room floors from the National Film studios.
In post-production
The use of CGI, or computer-generated imagery , can be thought of as a collage form, especially when animated graphics are layered over traditional movie footage. At certain moments during Amà © lie (Jean-Pierre Juenet, 2001), mise en scÃÆ'¨ne takes on highly imaginative styles, including fictitious elements such as tunnels, spinning colors and light. David O. Russell's I Heart Huckabees (2004) combines CGI effects to visually show the philosophical theories described by existential detectives (played by Lily Tomlin and Dustin Hoffman). In this case, the effect serves to improve clarity, while adding a surreal aspect to a realistic film.
Legal issues
When collages use existing work, the result is what some copyright scholars refer to as derived works . As such, collages have copyright that is separate from any copyright associated with the original submitted works.
Because of revised and reinterpreted copyright laws, and increased interest in finance, some forms of collage art are significantly restricted. For example, in the field of voice collage (such as hip hop music), some court decisions have effectively eliminated the doctrine of de minimis in defense of copyright infringement, thus diverting collage practices from non-permissive use that rely on fair use or minimalist protection,. Examples of musical collage art that collide with modern copyright are Gray Album and Negativland U2 .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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