The Welsh (Welsh: Cymry ) are native peoples and ethnic groups, or related to, Welsh, Welsh culture, history Welsh, and Welsh languages. The language, which belongs to the Celtic Insular family, has historically been spoken throughout Wales, with its predecessor Brittonic General having spoken on most of the British islands. Prior to the 20th century, a large number of Welsh people spoke only Welsh, with little or no fluent English knowledge. Welsh remains the main language in parts of Wales, particularly in North Wales and West Wales, but English is the main language in most countries. Many Welshs, even in English-dominated areas of Wales, are fluent or semi-fluent in Welsh or, on many levels, able to speak or understand the Welsh language on a limited level of proficiency or conversation.
Although the Welsh and ancestral languages ​​have been pronounced in what is now Wales since long before the Roman invasion of England, historian John Davies argues that the origin of "the Welsh people" can be traced to the end of the 4th and 5th centuries, Roman. The term "Welsh people" applies to people from Wales and those of the Welsh descendants who perceive themselves or are considered to share cultural heritage and share the origin of their ancestors. Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, and the majority of people living in Wales are British citizens.
In 2016, the Welsh Welsh family geography analysis commissioned by the Welsh Government found that 718,000 people (nearly 35% of the Welsh population) had a Welsh-origin, compared with 5.3% throughout Great Britain, 4.7% in New Zealand , 4.1% in Australia, and 3.8% in the United States, with an estimated 16.3 million people in the studied countries having at least partial Welsh ancestors. More than 300,000 Welsh people live in London alone.
Video Welsh people
Terminology
The names "Wales" and "Welsh" are traced to the Proto-Germanic word "Walhaz" meaning "stranger", "stranger", "Roman", "romance speaker", or "Celtic speaker" used by ancient German society to describe the inhabitants of the former Roman Empire, who were largely bombed and spoke in Latin or Celtic. The same etymological origin is shared by the names of various Celtic or other Latin peoples such as Walloons and Vlachs, as well as from Swiss Valais. The modern Welsh names for themselves are Cymry , and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales. These words (both pronounced ['k? Mr?] ) are derived from the word Brythonic combrogi , meaning "peer his compatriot ".
Thus, they bring a sense of "peasant land", "our country", and the idea of ​​brotherhood. The use of the word Cymry as self-designation comes from the Welsh post-Roman Age relationship with the Brythonic-speaking people in northern England and southern Scotland, the community of "Yr Hen Ogledd" (English: span lang = "en"> The Old North ). The word began to be used as a self-description perhaps before the 7th century. This is evidenced in poetry poems for Cadwallon ap Cadfan ( Moliant Cadwallon , by Afan Ferddig) c. 633. In Welsh literature, the word Cymry is used throughout the Middle Ages to describe the Welsh, though older and more common terms Brythoniaid continued to be used to describe either of the Britonnic (including Welsh) and is a more general literary term until c. 1100. Thereafter Cymry wins as a reference to Welsh. Until c. 1560 the word is spelled Kymry or Cymry , regardless of whether it refers to people or their homeland.
Maps Welsh people
History
During their time in England, the ancient Romans encountered the tribes in Wales today which they called Ordovices, Demetae, Silures, and Deceangli. The people of what is now Wales are not distinguished from the rest of the people of southern England; all called Englishmen and speak common English, Celtic Brythonic tongue. Celtic language and culture seems to have arrived in England during the Iron Age, although some archaeologists argue that there is no evidence for large-scale Iron Age migration to Britain. Claims have also been made that the Indo-European language may have been introduced to the British Isles as early as Neolithic (or even earlier), with the language of Goidelic and Brythonic growing locally. Others argue that the close similarities between the branches of Goidelic and Brythonic, and the distribution of Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age with their continental relatives, suggest a more recent Indo-European (or later communications) introduction, with Proto-Celtic itself could not have existed before the end of the 2nd millennium BC's earliest. The genetic evidence in this case would suggest that a change to Celtic in England might have occurred as a cultural shift rather than through migration as previously thought.
Some current genetic research supports the idea that people living in the British Isles are likely to be mainly from the indigenous Paleolithic European population (about 80%), with smaller Neolithic (New Stone Age) inputs about 20%). The paleolithic European seems to have become a homogeneous population, possibly because of the (or endangered) population constraint on the Iberian peninsula, where small human populations are considered to survive the glaciation, and extended to Europe during the Mesolithic. Assumed genetic traces of Neolithic incomers are seen as cline, with a stronger Neolithic representation in eastern Europe and a stronger Paleolithic representation in western Europe. Most in Wales today consider themselves to be modern Celtic, claiming inheritance back to the Iron Age tribes, which themselves, based on modern genetic analysis, appear to have Paleolithic and Neolithic indigenous ancestors. When the Roman legion left England around the year 400, Romano-British culture remained in the territory that had been settled by the Romans, and the pre-Roman culture to others.
In two recently published books, Blood of the Isles, by Brian Sykes and The Origins of England , by Stephen Oppenheimer, the authors state that, according to genetic evidence, some large Welsh people, like most Englishmen, descended from the Iberian Peninsula in Southwest Europe, as a result of the different migrations that occurred during the Mesolitic and Neolithic epochs, and which laid the foundations for the present-day population in the British Isles, show an ancient connection among the population European Atlantic. According to Stephen Oppenheimer 96% of the lineage in Llangefni in north Wales comes from Iberia. Genetic studies on Y chromosome have shown that Welshs, like Irish people, have a large proportion of their ancestry with the Basque of Northern Spain and South Western France, although Welsh have larger Neolithic inputs than Irish and Basque. The genetic markers R1b averaged from 83-89% among Welsh.
DNA research conducted by CymruDNA Wales has shown that the percentage of the living population of Wales today is descended from ancient Kings and Prince of Wales, the classic DNA sign of R-L371 aka S300 snp downstream from R1b-L21 (S145) is believed to originate from North Wales around 1000 AD. Recent DNA evidence suggests that the Welshs descended specifically from the carrier of Middle Eastern DNA, an idea previously proposed at least in the early nineteenth century, in Welsh Baptist History by Jonathan Davis.
People in what is now Wales continue to speak the Brythonic language in addition to Latin, as did some other Celtic in the UK. The living poem Y Gododdin is at the beginning of the Welsh and refers to the kingdom of Brythonic Gododdin with capital at Din Eidyn (Edinburgh) and extends from the Stirling area to Tyne. John Davies placed a change from Brythonic to Welsh between 400 and 700. Offa Dyke was founded in the mid-8th century, forming a barrier between Wales and Mercia.
Gene scientists at University College London (UCL) have claimed that the Welshs were "native" and Celtic remnants driven by Anglo-Saxon invaders after Roman withdrawal in the fifth century. Genetic testing shows that between 50% and 100% of the indigenous population who became British were swept clean. In 2001, research for the BBC's Viking program suggested the possibility of a strong relationship between Celtic and Basque, since tens of thousands of years ago. UCL research suggests large-scale migration during the Anglo-Saxon period.
"It seems that Britain is made up of ethnic cleansing events from people who came from the continent after the Romans left," said Dr. Mark Thomas, from the Center for Genetic Anthropology at UCL. "Our findings completely reverse the modern view of the origin of the English language."
The process by which the natives of 'Wales' began to regard themselves as Welsh is unclear. There is much evidence of the use of the term "Brythoniaid (Englishman); In contrast, the earliest use of the word Kymry (referring not to the people but to the ground - and perhaps to northern England aside from the modern region of Wales) is found in a poem dated around 633. The name of the area in northern England now known as Cumbria comes from the same root. Just gradually do Cymru (land) and Cymry (people) come to replace Brython. Although Welsh was clearly used at the time, Gwyn A. Williams argued that even at the time of the establishment of Offa Dyke, people to the west saw themselves as Romans, citing the number of Latin inscriptions still made in the eighth century. However, it is unclear whether such inscriptions reveal the general or normative use of Latin as a marker of identity or selective use by the early Christian Church.
There was immigration to Wales after the Norman Conquest, some of the Normans pushed immigration to their new lands; The Landsker line sharing "English" Pembrokeshire and "Welshry" can still be detected today. The English and Welshry terms are used the same about Gower.
The population of Wales doubled from 587,000 in 1801 to 1,163,000 in 1851 and reached 2,421,000 in 1911. Most of the increase occurred in the coal mining districts especially Glamorganshire, which grew from 71,000 in 1801 to 232,000 in in 1851 and 1,122,000 in 1911. Part of this increase could be attributed to the demographic transition seen in most industrialized countries during the Industrial Revolution, as death rates declined and birth rates remained stable. However, there was also a massive migration of people to Wales during the industrial revolution. English is the most numerous group, but there are also a large number of Irish and a small number of other ethnic groups, including Italians who migrated to South Wales. Wales received other immigration from different parts of the British Commonwealth in the 20th century, and the African-Caribbean and Asian communities added an ethno-cultural mix, especially in urban Wales. Much of this self-identification as Welsh.
Identity now
census 2001
It is uncertain how many people in Wales consider themselves Welsh, because the 2001 British census did not offer the Welsh as an option; respondents should use the box marked "Other". Ninety-six per cent of the population of Wales thus portrayed themselves as white Englishmen. The controversy surrounding ethnic determinations began in early 2000, when it was revealed that respondents in Scotland and Northern Ireland would be able to mark boxes depicting themselves as ethnic Scottish or Irish, a choice not available to Welsh or British respondents. Before the census, Plaid Cymru supported a petition calling for the inclusion of a Welsh tick-box and for the National Assembly to have the power of the primary lawmaker and its own National Statistics Office.
In the absence of the Welsh tick-box, the only other available checkboxes are 'white-English,' 'Irish,' or 'other'. The Scottish Parliament insists that a Scottish ethnic checkbox is included in the Scottish census, and with this inclusion 88,11% claim the ethnic Scottish. Critics argue that a higher proportion of respondents would describe themselves as Welsh ethnic having Welsh nerds already available. Additional criticism was made at the time of the census, taken in the midst of the Legal and Mouth crisis of 2001, the fact organizers say does not affect results. However, the Foot and Mouth crisis did delay the British Election, the first time since the Second World War, every event delayed the election.
In the census, as many as 14% of the population took an 'additional step' to write that they were from the Welsh ethnic group. The highest percentage of those identified as Welsh were recorded in Gwynedd (at 27%), followed by Carmarthenshire (23%), Ceredigion (22%) and Isle of Anglesey (19%). Among respondents aged between 16 and 74, those who claimed Welsh were mostly professional and managerial workers.
census 2011
Prior to the 2011 UK Census, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) launched a census-consulting exercise. They receive replies from 28 different Welsh organizations and most of them refer to the Welsh ethnic, language or identity.
For the first time in the history of the British census, the 2011 Census provides an opportunity for people to describe their identity as Welsh or English. A 'dress rehearsal' of the Census is done on the Anglesey Welsh island due to its rural nature and the high number of Welsh speakers.
The Census, taken on March 27, 2011, asks a number of questions pertaining to nationality and national identity, including What is your birth country? ('Wales' is one option), How do you describe your national identity? (for the first time 'Welsh' and 'English' are included as an option), What is your ethnic group? ('White Welsh/English/Scottish/Northern Irish/English' is an option) and Can you understand, speak, read or write Welsh? .
At the 2011 census in Wales, 66 percent (2.0 million) of the population reported a Welsh national identity (either on themselves or in combination with other identities). Most of the population of Wales (96 percent, 2.9 million) reported at least one national identity of English, Welsh, Scottish, Northern Irish, or English. Of the 66 percent (2.0 million) Welsh inhabitants who consider themselves to have a Welsh national identity in Wales in 2011, 218,000 responded that they had a Welsh and British national identity. Just under 17 percent (519,000) people in Wales consider themselves to have a British national identity alone.
Survey
A survey published in 2001, by the Center for Election Research and Social Trends at Oxford University (sample size 1161), found that 14.6 percent of respondents described themselves as British, not Welsh; 8.3 per cent see themselves as more British than Welsh; 39.0 percent describe themselves as both Welsh and English; 20.2 percent see themselves as more Welsh than British; and 17.9 percent describe themselves as Welsh, not English.
Culture
Language
According to the 2001 census the number of Welsh speakers in Wales increased for the first time in 100 years, with 20.5% of the population over 2.9 million claiming to be fluent in Welsh. In addition, 28% of the population of Wales claim to understand Welsh. The census revealed that the increase was most significant in urban areas, such as Cardiff with an increase from 6.6% in 1991 to 10.9% in 2001, and Rhondda Cynon Taf with an increase from 9% in 1991 to 12.3% in 2001. However, the proportion of Welsh speakers declined in Gwynedd from 72.1% in 1991 to 68.7% in 2001, and in Ceredigion from 59.1% in 1991 to 51.8% in 2001. The greatest fluctuations is in Ceredigion, with a 19.5% influx of new residents since 1991.
The decline in Welsh speakers in much of Wales' rural areas was caused by the non-Welsh speaking population who moved to North Wales, raising property prices above what local people can buy, according to Gwynedd board member Seimon Glyn from Plaid Cymru, whose controversial comments in 2001 focused on this issue. As many as a third of all properties in Gwynedd are bought by people from outside Wales. The issue of locals coming out of prices from the local housing market is common to many rural communities across the UK, but in Wales the additional dimension of language complicates the problem, as many new residents do not learn Welsh.
A Plaid Cymru taskforce led by Dafydd Wigley recommended that land should be allocated to affordable local housing, calling for grants for local residents to buy homes, and recommending that council tax on vacation homes should double.
However, the same census shows that 25% of the population was born outside of Wales. The number of Welsh speakers elsewhere in the UK is uncertain, but there are significant numbers in major cities, and there are speakers along the Welsh-English border.
Even among Welsh speakers, very few people speak only Welsh, with almost everything being bilingual in English. However, a large number of Welsh speakers are more comfortable expressing themselves in Welsh than English. Some prefer to speak English in South Wales or to urban and Welsh areas in the North or in rural areas. Speaker language options may vary according to the subject domain (known in linguistics as code transfer).
Due to the increase in Welsh language breeding education, recent census data reveal a reversal of decades of linguistic decline: there are now more Welsh speakers aged under five than over 60. For many young people in Wales, the Welsh acquisition is the gateway to a career better, according to research from the Welsh Language Council and the Welsh Career. The Welsh government identifies the media as one of six areas likely to experience greater demand for Welsh speakers: this sector is the third largest income earner in Wales.
Although Welsh is a minority language, and therefore threatened by the dominance of English, support for language grew during the second half of the 20th century, along with the rise of Welsh nationalism in the form of groups such as political parties Plaid Cymru and Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (Welsh Language Society ). Language is used in bilingual Welsh Assemblies and included in the notes, with English translation. The high cost of translation from English to Welsh has proven controversial. Technically this should not be used in the English Parliament as it is called a "foreign language" and is effectively prohibited as a distracting behavior, but some Speakers (especially George Thomas, Viscount Tonypandy first, himself born in Wales, near Tonypandy) speak several Welsh languages ​​in longer speeches in English.
Welsh as a first language was largely concentrated in less urban north and western Wales, mainly Gwynedd, inland of Denbighshire, north and southwest Powys, Isle of Anglesey, Carmarthenshire, Pembrokeshire North, Ceredigion, and western parts of Glamorgan, though the first language speakers and other eloquents can be found all over Wales. However, Cardiff is now home to the Welsh-speaking population in the cities (both from other parts of Wales and from the growing Welsh-growing school in Cardiff itself) due to the centralization and concentration of national resources and organizations in the capital.
For some, talking to Welsh is an important part of their Welsh identity. The parts of culture are strongly tied to language - especially Eisteddfod traditions, poetry and aspects of folk music and dance. Wales also has a strong poetry tradition in English.
Patagonian Welsh (Welsh y Wladfa) adalah dialek bahasa Welsh yang diucapkan di Y Wladfa di wilayah Argentina, Patagonia.
Agama
Most of the Welsh faithful are affiliated with the Church in Wales or other Christian denominations such as the Presbyterian Church of Wales, or Catholic, and there is also the Russian Orthodox chapel. Wales has a long tradition of nonconformism and Methodism. Other religions of Welsh people may be affiliated with including Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, Islam, and Sikhism.
The 2001 census shows that slightly less than 10% of the Welsh population is a church or chapel audience (a slightly smaller proportion than in England or Scotland), although about 70% of the population see themselves as a Christian form. Judaism had a long history in Wales, with the Jewish community recorded in Swansea around 1730. In August 1911, during the period of public order and industrial disputes, Jewish shops throughout the South Wales coal fields were damaged by the masses. Since then, the Jewish population in the area, which reached a summit of 4,000-5,000 in 1913, has declined with only Cardiff maintaining a sizeable Jewish population of about 2000 in the 2001 Census. The largest non-Christian faith in Wales is Islam, with about 22,000 members in 2001 were served by about 40 mosques, following the first mosque founded in Cardiff in 1860. A college for training scholars has been established at Llanybydder in West Wales. Islam arrived in Wales in the mid-19th century, and it is thought that Cardiff's Cardiff community is Britain's oldest Muslim community, founded when it is one of the largest coal exporting ports in the world. Hinduism and Buddhism each have about 5,000 followers in Wales, with rural Ceredigion being the center of Welsh Buddhism. Govinda Temple and restaurant, run by Hare Krishnas in Swansea, is the focal point for many Welsh Hindus. There are about 2,000 Sikhs in Wales, with gurdwara built for the first time opened in the Riverside Riverside area in 1989. In 2001 some 7,000 people classified themselves as "other religions" including the form of Druidism reconstruction, which is Christianity of Wales (not to be confused with the Druids of Gorsedd at the National Eisteddfod of Wales). About one-sixth of the population, about 500,000 people, has no religious beliefs.
The Sabbatarian simplicity movement was also historically strong among the Welshs, the sale of alcohol was banned on Sunday in Wales by the Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881 - the first law specifically issued for Wales since the Middle Ages. From the early 1960s, local council areas were allowed to hold a referendum every seven years to determine whether they should be "wet" or "dry" on Sundays: most industrial estates in the east and south were "wet" immediately, and by the 1980s the last district, Dwyfor in the northwest, becomes wet; since then no referendum has closed on Sunday.
National symbol
- The Welsh (Y Ddraig Goch) flag combines red dragons, popular symbols of Wales and Welsh people, along with green and white Tudor colors. It was used by Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, after which it was taken to the state to St. Anthony's Cathedral. Paul. The red dragon was then put into the Tudor royal weapon to signify their Welsh offspring. It was officially recognized as the national flag of Welsh in 1959. Since the British Union Flag has no Welsh representation, the Welsh Flag has become very popular.
- The flag of St. David is sometimes used as an alternative to the national flag, and was flown on the Day of Saint David.
- The dragon, part of the national flag design, is also a popular symbol of Wales. The longest recorded use of the dragon to symbolize Wales is from the Historia Brittonum , written around 820, but it is popularly considered the standard of combat of King Arthur and other ancient Celtic leaders. After Wales's annexation by the British, the dragon was used as a supporter in the emblem of the king of England.
- Both daffodils and spring onions are symbols of Wales. The origins of scallions can be traced back to the 16th century and daffodils, driven by David Lloyd George, became popular in the 19th century. This may be due to the confusion of Welsh for leek, cenhinen , and that for daffodil,
or Stoke leeks. Both are used as symbols by Welsh on St. David's Day, March 1st. - The feathers of the Prince of Wales, the heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales, are sometimes adapted by the Welsh body for use in Wales. The symbolism is described in the article for Edward, the Black Prince, who was the first Prince of Wales to bear the emblem. The Welsh Rugby Union uses such designs for its own badge.
Welsh emigration
There is a migration from Wales to the rest of England throughout its history. During the Industrial Revolution, thousands of Welsh people migrated, for example, to Liverpool and Ashton-in-Makerfield. As a result, some people from England, Scotland and Ireland have the Welsh surname.
Other Welsh settlers moved to other parts of Europe, concentrated in certain areas. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a small wave of contract miners from Wales arrived in Northern France; the center of the Welsh-French population resides in coal mining towns in the French department of Pas-de-Calais. Welsh settlers from Wales (and later the Welsh Patagonian) arrived in Newfoundland in the early 1900s, and established the coastal towns of Labrador. In 1852 Thomas Benbow Phillips of Tregaron established settlements of about 100 Welsh men in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil.
Welsh internationals have emigrated, in relatively small numbers (in the proportion of the population, Ireland's emigration to the United States perhaps 26 times greater than Welsh emigration), to many countries, including the United States (in particular, Pennsylvania), Canada and Y Wladfa in Patagonia, Argentina. Jackson County, Ohio is sometimes referred to as "Little Wales", and the Welsh language is commonly heard or spoken among the locals in the mid-20th century. Malad City in Idaho, which began as a Welsh Mormon settlement, claimed a greater proportion of Welsh descendants than anywhere outside Wales itself. Malad's local high school Malad is known as "Malad Dragons", and blows the Welsh Flag as the color of his school. The Welsh people also settled in New Zealand and Australia.
About 1.75 million Americans report themselves as having a Welsh ancestor, as did 458,705 Canadians in the 2011 Canadian census. This compares to 2.9 million people living in Wales (in the 2001 census).
There is no known evidence that objectively supports the legend that Mandan, the native American of the central United States, is a Welsh emigrant who reached North America under Prince Madog in 1170.
The Ukrainian city of Donetsk was founded in 1869 by a Welsh businessman, John Hughes (an engineer from Merthyr Tydfil) who built a steel plant and several coal mines in the region; the city was named Yuzovka in recognition of its role in its founding ("Yuz" being the Russian or Ukrainian approach of Hughes).
Former Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard was born in Barry, Wales. Having suffered from bronchopneumonia since childhood, his parents were advised to help his recovery to live in a warmer climate. This caused the family to migrate to Australia in 1966, settled in Adelaide.
See also
- List of Welsh people
- Modern Celtic
- Welsh American
- Canadian Welsh Language
- Welsh Australia
- Welsh Argentina
- Welsh History in Chicago
- Welsh move
- Welsh Italia
- Welsh New Zealanders
- Y Wladfa
References
Further reading
- John Davies, A History of Wales , published 1990 by Penguin, ISBNÃ, 0-14-014581-8
- Norman Davies, The Isles , published in 1991 by Papermac, ISBNÃ, 0-333-69283-7
- Gwyn A Williams, The Welsh in Their History , published in 1982 by Croom Helm, ISBNÃ, 0-7099-3651-6
- J.F. del Giorgio, The Oldest Europeans , published 2005 by A.J. Place, ISBN: 980-6898-00-1
- Adrian Hastings, Construction Nationality: Ethnicity, Religion, and Nationalism , was published in 1997 by Cambridge University Press, ISBNÃ, 0-521-62544-0
External links
- BBC Wales: Welsh Come and Go: History of migration in and out of Wales
- BBC News Report: Welsh (and Cornish) Numbers
- BBC News: Gen links Celt to Basque
- BBC: Welsh guy in Patagonia
- Glaniad - Welsh Settlement in Patagonia
- data-wales.co.uk: Emigration from Wales to America
- data-wales.co.uk: Why do so many Black Americans have Welsh names?
- Genetic data (1)
- Genetic data (2)
- Link2Wales: Encyclopedia of the alternative music scene in Wales
- Y chromosome census from the British Isles
- 418.000 writes in 'Welsh' on the 2001 Census form
- Collecting Gems - Welsh Heritage and Culture
- Rebecca Thomas from Cambridge University at parallel.cymru:Sut ddaeth pobl Cymru'n Gymry (How Welsh people become Welsh)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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