Machine washing ( washer , laundry washer , or washer ) is a tool used for washing clothes. The term is mostly applied to machines that use water as opposed to dry cleaning (which uses alternative cleaning fluids, and done by business specialists) or ultrasonic cleaners. Users add detergents sold in liquid or powder to wash water.
Video Washing machine
Handwashing
Hand washing involves soaking, beating, scrubbing, and scrubbing dirty textiles. Before indoor piping, laundry (wash) or housewife must also carry all the water used for washing, boiling, and rinsing the laundry; According to the calculations of 1886, women take water eight to ten times each day from pumps, well, or spring. Water for the laundry will be transported by hand, heated over a fire to wash, then poured into the bath. It keeps warm soapy water valuable; it will be used again, first to wash the dirtiest clothes, then wash the dirty laundry.
Removal of soap and water from clothes after washing is a separate process. First, the soap will be rinsed with clear water. After rinsing, the soaking wet clothes will be formed into rolls and twisted by hand to extract water. The whole process often takes a whole day of hard work, plus drying and ironing.
It is also often used in the sink.
Maps Washing machine
Wash with machine
Cloth was developed as a means of reducing manual labor spent, providing an open basin or closed container with an oar or finger to automatically stir the clothes. The earliest machines are hand-operated and built of wood, while metal machines allow fire to burn under the sink, keeping the water warm throughout the day washing.
Special purpose wash-washer washers, made in 1797 by Nathaniel Briggs of New Hampshire.
In the mid-1850s, steam-driven commercial washing machines were sold in England and the United States. Technological advances in machines for commercial and institutional washing machines run faster than household wash designs for decades, especially in the UK. In the United States there is more emphasis on developing machines for washing at home, although machines for commercial laundry services are widely used in the late 19th and early 20th century. The rotary washing machine was patented by Hamilton Smith in 1858. Because electricity was not generally available until at least 1930, some early washing machines were operated by a low-speed, single-cylinder hit-and-miss gasoline engine.
Scratch with machine
After the goods are washed and rinsed, water should be removed by rotating. To help reduce this work, the wringer/mangle machine was developed. As implied by the term "mangle," these early machines are quite dangerous, especially if supported and not moved by the hand. The fingers, hands, arms, or hair of the user can get entangled in the squeezed laundry, which results in horrible wounds; people who are not vigilant, like children, can also be arrested and hurt. Safer mechanisms are developed over time, and more dangerous designs are ultimately prohibited.
Mangle uses two rollers under spring pressure to squeeze water from household clothing and linen. Each wash will be fed through the squeezer separately. The first hardener was hand-cranked, but was eventually incorporated as a powered attachment on top of a washing machine sink. The lighter will be swung over the sink so that the extracted washing water will fall back into the tub for reuse for the next load.
The modern process of removal of water by spinning does not begin to be used until an electric motor is developed. Spinning requires constant high-speed resources, and was initially performed on a separate device known as an "extractor". A load of washed laundry will be moved from the washer to the extractor basket, and the water spins out in a separate operation. These early extractors are often dangerous to use, because uneven loads will cause the engine to vibrate great. Much effort has been made to counter unstable load shocks, such as installing a rotating basket on a free-floating shock absorbing frame to absorb a small imbalance, and a lump switch to detect heavy movement and stop the engine so that the load can be distributed manually.
Merge process
What is now called automatic washing at a time is called a "washer/extractor", which combines the features of these two devices into one machine, plus the ability to charge and drain water by itself. It is possible to take further steps, as well as incorporate automatic washing machines and clothes dryers into a single device, called combo dryer washer.
History
Initial
The first British patent under the Washing machine category was issued in 1691. The early washing machine image appeared in the January 1752 issue of The Gentlemen's Magazine, a British publication. Jacob Christian SchÃÆ'¤ffer washing machine design was published in 1767 in Germany. In 1782, Henry Sidgier issued a British patent for a rotary drum washer, and in the 1790s Edward Beetham sold many "patent washing plants" in England. One of the first innovations in washing machine technology is the use of containers or closed basins that have grooves, fingers, or paddles to help rub and scrub clothes. People using a washing machine will use a cane to press and rotate clothing along the textured sides of a basin or container, stirring clothes to remove dirt and mud. This crude agitator technology is hand-powered, but it is still more effective than actually washing clothes hands.
More advancements were made for the washing machine technology in the form of a rotative drum design. Basically, this initial design patent consisted of a hand-held washer drum to make a rotating wooden drum. Although the technology is quite simple, it is a milestone in the washing machine, because it introduces the idea of ​​a "powerful" washing drum. When metal drums begin to replace traditional wooden drums, the drum makes it possible to light a drum over an open flame or enclosed fire chamber, increasing the water temperature for more effective leaching.
It will not be until the 19th century when steam power will be used in the design of the washing machine.
In 1862, a patented "compound rotary washer" with rollers for blackmail or fabricated "by Richard Lansdale of Pendleton, Manchester, was featured at the London Exhibition of 1862.
The first US patent entitled "Clothing Washing" was given to Nathaniel Briggs of New Hampshire in 1797. Due to the Patent Office fire in 1836, no description of the device survived. The invention of the washing machine was also associated with Watervliet Shaker Village, as the patent was issued to Amos Larcom of Watervliet, New York, in 1829, but it is uncertain that Larcom was a Shaker. A device incorporating a washing machine with a blackmail mechanism did not appear until 1843, when Canadian John E. Turnbull of Saint John, New Brunswick patented "Clotheswith With Squeeze Scrolls." During the 1850s, Nicholas Bennett of the Mount Lebanon Shaker Society in New Lebanon, New York, discovered a "washing factory", but in 1858 he granted a patent to David Parker of Canterbury Shaker Village, where he was listed as "Improved Washing Machine ".
Margaret Colvin created the Triumph Rotary Washer, which was exhibited at the Women's Pavilion at the 1876 Centennial International Exhibition in Philadelphia. At the same exhibition, Shaker won a gold medal for their machine.
Electric washing machines were advertised and discussed in newspapers as early as 1904. Alva J. Fisher has been wrongly credited with the invention of electrically washing machines. The US Patent Office shows at least one patent issued before US patent number Fisher 966677 (for example, US patent number Woodrow, 921195). The "inventor" of the electric washing machine is still unknown.
Sales of US electric washing machines reached 913,000 units in 1928. However, high unemployment rates in the Depression years reduced sales; in 1932 the number of units shipped dropped to about 600,000.
It is estimated that the first laundromat was opened in Fort Worth, Texas in 1934. It is run by Andrew Clein. The coach uses a coin-in-the-slot facility to rent a washing machine. The term "laundromat" can be found in newspapers as early as 1884 and was widespread during the Depression. The British established a common laundry room for laundry along with bath houses throughout the 19th century.
The washing machine design was repaired during the 1930s. The mechanism is now enclosed in the cabinet, and more attention is given to electrical and mechanical security. Spin dryers are introduced to replace the dangerous mangle/squeeze forces of the day.
By 1940, 60% of the 25,000,000 cable homes in the United States had electric washing machines. Many of these machines feature electricians, although the built-in spin dryers are not uncommon.
Automatic machine
Bendix Home Appliances, a subsidiary of Avco, introduced the first domestic automated washing machine in 1937, after filing a patent application in the same year. Avco has licensed the name from Bendix Corporation, an unrelated company. In mechanical look and detail, this first machine is no different from the front automatic washer produced today. Although it includes many basic features today, the machine does not have a drum suspension and therefore should be anchored to the floor to prevent "running". Because of the required components, the machine is also very expensive. For example, the Bendix Home Laundry Service Manual (published November 1, 1946) shows that the change in drum speed is facilitated by a 2-speed gearbox built for heavy duty standards (unlike an automated gearbox, albeit at a smaller size). Timers may also be quite expensive, as miniature electric motors are expensive to produce.
The original automatic washing machine is usually connected to the water supply through a temporary slip-on connector to soak the tap. Later, permanent connections to hot and cold water supply became the norm, as special laundry water connections became common. Most modern European front-loading machines now only have cold water connections (called "cold fill") and are completely dependent on internal electric heaters to raise the water temperature.
Many early automated machines have coin-in-the-slot facilities and are installed in the basements of apartment houses.
World War II and after
After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the production of US domestic washing machines was suspended during World War II to support the manufacture of war material. However, many US tool manufacturers were given permission to conduct research and development of washing machines during the war years. Many are taking the opportunity to develop automated machines, realizing that this represents the future of the industry.
A large number of US manufacturers introduced competing auto engines (especially the upper loading types) in the late 1940s and early 1950s. An upgraded automatic front-loading model, Bendix Deluxe (which sold for $ 249.50/£ 162.40, $ 2687.04 in 2016 dollars), was introduced in 1947. General Electric also introduced its first top automatic loading model in 1947. This machine has many features are incorporated into modern machines. Another early form of automatic washing machine manufactured by The Hoover Company uses cartridges to program different laundry cycles. This system, called "Keymatic", uses plastic cartridges with slots and bumps like locks around the edges. The cartridge is inserted into the slot on the machine and the mechanical reader operates the appropriate machine.
Some manufacturers produce semi-automatic machines, which require users to intervene at one or two points in the washing cycle. Common semi-automatic types (available from Hoover in the UK until at least the 1970s) include two tubs: one with a stirrer or an impeller for washing, plus a smaller tub for water extraction or centrifugal flushing.
Since its introduction, automatic washing machines rely on electromechanical timers to sort the washing and extraction processes. The electromechanical timer consists of a series of cams on a common shaft powered by a small electric motor through a reduction gearbox. At just the right time in the wash cycle, each cam moves the switch to engage or release a particular part of the machine (for example, a discharge pump motor). One was first discovered in 1957 by Winston L. Shelton and Gresham N. Jennings, then both engineers General Electric. The device was awarded US Patent 2870278.
In the early electromechanical timers, the motor runs at a constant speed throughout the wash cycle, although it is possible for the user to bypass the program parts by manually forwarding the control buttons. However, in 1950 the demand for greater flexibility in the wash cycle led to the introduction of a more sophisticated electrical timer to supplement the electromechanical timer. The new timer allows for greater variations of functions such as washing time. With this arrangement, the timer motor is periodically switched off to allow the clothing to soak, and only to be re-energized just before the micro switch is involved or released for the next stage of the process. The electronic timer is not fully extended until several decades later.
Despite the high cost of automatic washing, manufacturers have difficulty in meeting demand. Despite the lack of material during the Korean War, in 1953 sales of automated washing machines in the US exceeded the type of electric blackmail machine.
In the UK and in much of Europe, electric washing machines did not become popular until the 1950s. This was largely due to the economic impact of World War II on the consumer market, which did not recover until the late 1950s. The first electric washing machine is a one-tub, blackmail machine, because automatic washing machines are very expensive. During the 1960s, twin tub machines briefly became very popular, aided by low price Rolls Razor washers. Some machines have the ability to pump used wash water into a separate tub for temporary storage, and then pump it back for reuse. This is not to save water or soap, but because hot water is expensive and time consuming. Automatic washing machines did not become dominant in the UK until the 1970s and at that time almost exclusively from front-loader designs.
In the original automatic washing machine, any change in the speed of the impeller/drum is achieved by mechanical means or by the rheostat on the motor power supply. However, since the 1970s electronic control of motor speed has become a common feature on more expensive models.
modern washing machine
Over time automatic washing machine manufacturers have been trying hard to reduce costs. For example, expensive gearbox is no longer needed, because motor speed can be controlled electronically. Some models can be controlled over WiFi.
Even on expensive washing machines, the outer loading of the front loading machine is often made of plastic. This makes changing the main bearing difficult, since plastic drums are usually inseparable into two parts to allow the inner drum to be removed to gain access to the cushion.
Some manufacturers have taken steps to reduce the vibrations coming from their washing machines, by reducing or controlling motor speeds, using hydraulic suspensions, rather than spring suspensions, and having a free-moving steel ball embedded in rings mounted on both sides front and rear drums to fight the weight of clothing and reduce vibration.
Some engines, since 1998 now use direct-drive motors, low-aspect ratio devices, in which stator assembly is attached to the rear of the outer drum, while the co-axial rotor is mounted on the inner drum shaft. The direct drive eliminates the need for a pulley, belt and belt tensioner. It was invented by LG Electronics in 1998 and patents granted in the US in 2010. Because, other manufacturers have followed suit. Some washing machines with this type of motor come with a warranty of 10 or even 20 years, but only for the motor itself.
Some of the other washing machines include water jets (also known as water sprays and fountains) and steam nozzles, which claim to clean clothes and help reduce washing time and remove impurities from clothing. Water jets get their water from the bottom of the drum, thus recirculating the water in the washing machine. Others have a special drum with a hole to be filled with water from the bottom of the tub and a water redeposit on top of the clothes. Some drums have elements with waveforms, pyramids, hexagons or diamonds. Some include titanium or ceramic heating elements that claim to remove the calcium formed inside the element. They can heat water up to 95 Â ° C. Some high end models have lights built into the washer itself to power the drum, and others have soap dispensers in which the user only fills the tank with detergent and softener and the washer automatically gives dose of detergent and softener and sometimes choose the most appropriate washing. cycle. In some models, the tanks have been filled and installed and replaced with new tanks, also refilled or refilled by the user, in a special compartment at the bottom of the machine. Some have support for disposable capsules containing enough laundry additives for one load. Capsules are installed in the detergent compartment. Many dilute the detergent before touching the clothes, some by mixing the soap and water with air to make the foam, which is then inserted into the drum. Some have pulsators mounted on plates at the bottom of the drum instead of the agitator. The plates rotate, and the pulsator produces waves that help shake the ground out of clothing. Many also include mechanisms to prevent or remove detergent residues that are insoluble in the detergent dispenser. Some manufacturers such as LG Electronics and Samsung Electronics have introduced functionality in washing machines that allow users to solve common problems with their washing machines without having to contact technical support. LG's approach involves the phone receiving signals through tone of voice, while the Samsung approach involves having the user take photos of the time display of the washing machine with his cell phone. In both methods, the problems and steps to complete them are displayed on the phone itself. Some models are also enabled NFC. Several patented implementations under US Patent US20050268669A1 and US Patent US20050097927A1.
In the early 1990s, high-end machines incorporated microcontrollers for the timing process. This proves to be reliable and cost-effective, so many cheaper engines now also incorporate a microcontroller rather than an electromechanical timer. Since 2010, some machines have touch panel displays, full color or color display, or sensitive touch control panel. (see Color depth)
In 1994, Staber Industries released the 2000 System Washing Machine, which is the only top horizontal axle removal machine to be manufactured in the United States. The hexagonal tub is spinning like a front loading machine, using only about one-third of water as much as a conventional top loader. This factor has led to the Energy Star rating for high efficiency. Horizontal axial type washers and dryers (with a round drum) are often used in Europe, where space is limited, as thin as 40cm.
In 1998, the company of New Zealand Fisher & amp; Paykel introduced its SmartDrive washer line in the US. This washing machine uses a computer-controlled system to determine certain factors such as load size and automatically adjusts the wash cycle to fit. It also uses a mixed washing system, first with "Eco-Active" washing, using low-level recirculating water that is sprayed on the load followed by a more traditional style washing. SmartDrive also includes a direct DC brushless drive electric motor, which simplifies bowl and stirrer drives by removing the need for a gearbox system.
In 2000, British inventor James Dyson launched KontraRotator CR01, a type of washer with two cylinders spinning in the opposite direction. It is claimed that this design reduces the washing time and results in a cleaner washing than a single cylinder engine. In 2004 there was the launch of CR02, which was the first washing machine to get UK Allergy Approval Approval. However, no ContraRotator engine is now manufactured because it is too expensive to produce. They were discontinued in 2005. This patent is patented under US Patent US7750531B2, US Patent US6311527, US Pat. US20010023513, US Pat. US6311527B1, US Patent USD450164.
In 2001, Whirlpool Corporation introduced Calypso, the first high-efficiency vertical axle washer that became top-loading. A dishwasher dish at the bottom of the tub (a special swaying movement) to bounce, shake, and throw laundry around. At the same time, water containing detergent is sprayed onto the laundry. The machine proved to be good at cleaning, but earned a bad reputation because of frequent damage and destruction of laundry. The washing machine was recalled with a class action lawsuit and withdrawn from the market.
In 2003, Maytag introduced their top-loading Neptune washing machine. Instead of agitators, the machine has two plates, perpendicular to each other and at an angle of 45 degrees from the bottom of the bath. The engine will fill with just a little water and two dishwasher dishes will drop the load inside, mimicking the action of the front-loading washing machine in the vertical axis design.
In 2006, Sanyo introduced the first drum washer with "Air Wash" function. It is also reused and disinfects water rinse. This washing machine uses only 50Ã, liter (11.0Ã, Â °, 13.2 gal US) water in recycling mode.
In 2008, the University of Leeds created a concept washer using only cups (less than 300 ml) water and 20 kg from reusable plastic beads to carry full wash. The machine leaves clothes almost dry, and uses less than 2% of water and energy used by conventional machines. Thus, it can save billions of liters of water each year. This concept is being developed as a Xeros Washing Machine.
Around 2012, an eco indicator is introduced, able to predict energy demand based on customer settings in terms of programs and temperatures.
Features available in most modern consumer washing machines:
- Pending execution: the timer to delay the start of the wash cycle
- A pre-set program for various types of laundry
- Rotate speed setting
- Temperature variables, including cold washing
In addition some modern machine features:
- Child key
- Steam
- Time indication
Around 2015 and 2017, some manufacturers (ie Samsung and LG Electronics) have offered washing and drying machines that have a top loading washer and dryer built on their front washer and dryer (in Samsung's washer and dryer) or offer an optional top loading washer user that can be mounted under a washer or dryer (for LG washer and dryer). Both manufacturers also introduced front loading washing machines that allow users to add items after the washing cycle has started, as well as introducing top washing machines loading with built-up in the sink and a detergent dispenser that claims to leave no residue on the dispenser itself. At IFA 2017, Samsung released QDrive, a front washer similar to Dyson ContraRotator, but instead of 2 drum balancers, QDrive has a single drum with an inhibitory impeller mounted on the back of the drum. Samsung claims this technology reduces cycle time by half and energy consumption by 20%.
Production by country
Top-loading
This design puts the clothes in a vertically mounted vertical basket contained in a water retaining basin, with a finned water pumping agitator in the middle of the bottom of the basket. Clothes are loaded through the top of the machine, which is usually but not always covered with a hinged door.
During the washing cycle, the outside tub is filled with enough water to completely soak and suspend the clothes freely in the basket. The movement of the agitator pushes the water out between the paddles to the edge of the bath. Water then moves out, up to the side of the basket, toward the center, and then down toward the agitator to repeat the process, in a circulation pattern similar to the torus shape. The direction of the stirrer is periodically reversed, since continuous movement in one direction will only cause water to rotate around the basket with agitator rather than water being pumped in a torus-shaped motion. Some washing machines complete the action of the water pump from the agitator with a large rotating screw on the shaft above the stirrer, to help move the water down in the middle of the basket.
Because the mixer and drum are separate and different in the top-loading washing machine, the top-loader mechanism is inherently more complicated than the front-loading engine. Manufacturers have found several ways to control agitator movements during washing and rinse separately from the high-speed rotation of the drum required for the rotation cycle.
While top-loading washing machines can use universal motors or DC brushless motors, it is conventional for top-loading washing machines to use more expensive, heavy, and more efficient electrically efficient induction motors. Front loading washing action is more suitable for motors capable of reversing direction with any wash bucket reversal; universal motor is noisy, less efficient, does not last long, but is more suitable for the task of reversing direction every few seconds.
An alternative to oscillating stirrer designs is the impeller sink type pioneered by Hoover on a long overhauling machine series Hoovermatic . Here, an impeller (trademarked by Hoover as a "Pulsator") mounted on the side of the tub turns in a constant direction, and creates a fast-moving water current in the tub that drags the clothes through water along the toroidal path. The impeller design has the advantage of its mechanical simplicity - a single speed motor with a belt drive is all that is needed to drive the Pulsator without the need for an elaborate gearbox or electrical control, but has a lower load capacity loss in relation to the tub size. Hoovermatic machines were made mostly in twin tubs for the European market - (where they competed with Supermatic Hotpoints using oscillating stirrer designs) until the early 1990s. Some industrial garment testing machines still use Hoover wash action.
Different different ways that different manufacturers have faced the same problem over the years is a good example of many different ways to solve similar engineering problems with different goals, different capabilities and manufacturing expertise, and different patent issues.
Reversible Motor
In most of the current top-loading washers, if the motor rotates in one direction, the gearbox moves the agitator; if the motor rotates in the other direction, the gearbox locks the agitator and twists the basket and agitator together. Similarly, if the pump motor is spinning in one direction, it circulates the foaming water; in the other direction of pumping water from the machine during the cycle of rotation. Mechanically, the system is very simple.
Transmission changing mode
At some of the top loaders, the motor only runs in one direction. During agitation, the transmission converts the rotation into an alternating movement that drives the agitator. During the cycle of rotation, the timer turns on a solenoid attaching the clutch that locks the motor rotation to the wash bucket, providing a rotation cycle. The highly popular General Electric at Filter-Flo (visible on the right) uses this design variant in which the motor is reversed just to pump water out of the machine. The same clutch that allows the heavy tub full of wet clothes to "slip" as it appears at motor speed, is also allowed to "slip" during anxiety to involve the Gentle Cycle for subtle clothing.
Whirlpool (Kenmore) creates a popular design demonstrating a complex mechanism that can be used to produce different motions of a single motor with so-called "wig wag" mechanisms, used for decades until modern controls make it obsolete. In the Whirlpool mechanism, prominent moving pieces oscillate in time with agitation movements. Two solenoids are attached to this protruding moving object, with a cable attached to the timer. During cycle, the motor operates continuously, and the solenoid on "wig wag" performs agitation or rotation. Although cables control solenoid abrasion and broken connections due to their constant motion and solenoids that operate in a humid environment where corrosion can damage them, the machine is surprisingly reliable.
Reversible motor with mode-changing transmission
Some top-loaders, especially compact apartment-sized washers, use a hybrid mechanism. The motor reverses direction every few seconds, often with pauses between directions changing, to agitate. The spin cycle is achieved by involving the clutch in the transmission. Separate motor pumps are commonly used to power this engine. This machine can be easily implemented with a more modern universal motor or brushless DC motor, but older ones tend to use capacitor-induction motors starting with a pause between agitation reversals.
Top-load superiority
The top-loader round cycle between washing and rinsing allows a very simple passive fabric softening dispenser, operating through centrifugal force and gravity. Fabric softener, vinegar, or other liquid rinsing material, placed in a cup at the top of the agitator. It "rises together" during the washing cycle. As the rotating cycle rotates, the fabric softener is pulled upward by a tapered cup and centrifugal force, where it collects at the top of the spinning agitator. After the spin round is complete, the centrifugal force no longer delays fabric softener and falls through the center of the agitator to join the rinse water that enters the tub. The same objective must be achieved by the solenoid or pump valve, and the control of the timer and associated wiring, on the front loader.
Trap pit can also be inserted into the center of the stirrer, or on the drum wall, passively collecting the fibers from the forced water through the agitator. The front loaders tend to require separate pumps and pipes to provide the fiber filters that are often installed behind the cover at the bottom of the machine.
Another advantage for the upper load design is the reliance on gravity to hold water, rather than the possibility of a vulnerable front door seal or short-lived. The top loading may require less maintenance, as there is no need to clean the seals or door bellows, although plastic tubs may still require periodic "laundry washing" (described below).
As with front-loading washing machines, clothing should not be packed tightly into top-loading washing machines. Although a wet cloth usually fits a smaller space than a dry cloth, dense clumps of fabric can restrict water circulation, resulting in poor soap distribution and incomplete flushing. Excessively overloaded loaders can cause stirring, overloading or damaging motors or gearboxes, burning drive belts, or tearing fabrics - many Whirlpool/Kenmore machines even have mechanical "fuses" designed to be removed before an expensive motor is damaged. Extreme overload can also push the fabric into a small gap between the bottom of the stirrer and the bottom of the wash basket, resulting in a cloth wrapped around the shaft, may require a agitator agitator for unjam.
Some top-loading machines use a mechanism very similar to the front-loading drum machine, and are described below.
Front load
Front-loading or horizontal-axis washing machines are the dominant designs in Europe. In the US and elsewhere, most of the high-end washers are of this type. In addition, the most commercial and industrial washers in the world are horizontal axis designs.
This layout installs the inner basket and outer tub horizontally, and loading is done through the door on the front of the machine. Doors often but do not always contain transparent windows. Agitation is supplied by the rotation of alternating cylinders and by gravity. The clothes are lifted by a paddle on the inner wall of the drum and then dropped. This movement flexs the fabric and forces the water and the detergent solution through the clothes load. Because the washing action does not require free underwear suspended in water, only enough water is needed to moisten the fabric. Because less water is needed, front-loaders typically use less soap, and repeated tumbling and repeated actions of tumbling can easily produce large amounts of foam or foam.
The front-loader controls the use of water through surface tension, and this capillary wicking action creates a woven fabric. Front-loader washing machines always charge to the same low water level, but the large pile of dry clothes that stand in the water will absorb the moisture, causing the water level to drop. The washing machine then recharge to maintain the original water level. Since it takes time for the absorption of this water to occur with a pile of unmoved cloth, almost all front-loaders start the washing process by slowly dropping clothes under the incoming water stream and filling the drum, quickly saturating the clothes with water.
The front-loading was mechanically simple compared to the top-loader, with the main motor (universal motor or variable frequency drive motor) usually connected to the drum through the belt of the grooved pulleys and large pulley wheels, without the need for a gearbox, clutch or crank. But front-load washing machines suffer from their own technical problems, because the drums are lopsided. For example, the top washer makes water in the tub only through gravity pulled underwater, while the front-loader must close the door with a gasket to prevent water from dripping onto the floor during the washing cycle. This access door is locked during the washing cycle, because opening the door with the used machine can cause water to radiate out onto the floor. For front-loaders without looking at windows in doors, it is possible to accidentally pinch the fabric between the door and the drum, resulting in tearing and damage to clothing being clamped during falling and spinning.
Nearly all front-loader washing machines for the consumer market also use flexible bellows folded around the door opening, to keep the clothing in the basket during the wash cycle that is uprooted. If this bellows assembly is not used, small items of clothing such as socks can get out of the laundry basket near the door, and fall into a narrow gap between the outer tub and basket, clog the sewers and possibly disrupt the rotation of the deep basket.. Taking missing items from between the outer tub and inner basket can require complete disassembly of the front of the washing machine and pull the entire inner wash basket. Commercial and front-loader industries used by businesses (described below) usually do not use bellows, and instead require all small objects to be placed in mesh pockets to prevent losses near the opening of the basket.
The assembly of bellows around the door is a potential source of trouble for the consumer front-loader. The bellows have a large number of flexible folds to allow the tub to move separately from the door during the high-speed extraction cycle. On many machines, these folds can collect fibers, dirt, and humidity, producing mold and mildew, and a foul odor. Some front-loading washing machine instructions say that bellows should be removed monthly with a strong bleach solution, while others offer a special "refreshing" cycle in which the machine runs empty with a strong bleach dose.
The mechanical weak point attached to the front loader design is the installation of the inner tube drum pockets. The drum pads should support the entire weight of drums, laundry, and dynamic loads created by water spills and load imbalances during the rotation cycle. The drum pads eventually wear out, and usually require extensive machine disassembly to replace, which often results in removal of the engine due to the relatively inexpensive component failure requiring labor to renew. Some manufacturers have exacerbated this problem by "overmolding" the drum pads into the outer tub to reduce production costs, but this makes the bearing impossible to update without replacing the entire outer tub - which usually forces the owner to damage the entire machine - this may be viewed as an implementation of obsolescence built-in.
Compared to top-loading washing machines, clothing can be packed more tightly at the front loader, up to full drum volume if using a cotton wash cycle. This is because a wet cloth usually fits into a smaller space than a dry cloth, and the front loader can self-regulate the water needed to achieve proper washing and rinsing. Extreme overloading of the front-loading washing machine pushes the fabric towards a small gap between the loading door and the front of the wash basket, potentially resulting in missing fabrics between the basket and the outer tub, and in severe cases, tearing of clothing and interfering with Basket's motion.
Variants and hybrid design
There are many variations of two general designs. Top-loading machines in Asia use impeller instead of agitator. Impeller is similar to agitators except that they do not have a central post elongated in the middle of the sink basket.
Some of the actual engines loading from above are much more similar to horizontal front-load drum machines. They have a drum rotating around the horizontal axis, as front-loader, but no front door; instead there is a removable lid that provides access to the drum, which has a sealed hold. Clothes are loaded, lids and lids are closed, and machines operate and spin like front-loaders. These machines are narrower but typically higher than front-loaders, typically have lower capacity, and are intended to be used where only narrow space is available, as is sometimes the case in Europe. They have an incidental advantage: they can be loaded without bending; they do not require damaged rubber bellows seals; and instead of drums having single pads on one side, having a pair of symmetrical pads, one on each side, avoiding the loading of asymmetrical bearings and potentially life-boosting. This type of washing machine is popular in Europe, where space is limited, because washing machines can be as thin as 40cm, and the installation of a full washer and dryer can be as wide as 80cm.
There is also a combustion dryer washer combines the washing cycle and full drying cycle in the same drum, eliminating the need to transfer wet clothes from the washer to the dryer. In principle, the machine is comfortable for overnight cleaning (combined cycle is much longer), but the effective capacity for cleaning larger amounts of laundry is drastically reduced. The drying process tends to use more energy than using two separate devices, because the combo dryer does not only have to dry clothes, but also needs to dry the laundry room itself. These machines are used more in Europe, because they can be fitted into small spaces, and many can be operated without special utility connections. In this machine, the functions of washer and dryer often have different capacities, with dryers usually having the lowest capacity. This machine should not be equated with a dryer over a washing installation, or with a laundry center, which is a one-piece tool that offers a compromise between a washer-dryer and a full washer to the dryer or dryer installation side over a washing installation. The washing center usually has a dryer over the washing machine, with controls for both machines in a single control panel. Often, the control is simpler than controls on a combo washer-dryer or a special washer and dryer. Several patented implementations under US Patent US6343492B1 and US Patent US 6363756B1.
Comparison
The earliest washing machine only performs a washing action when filled with clothes and soap, filled with hot water, and begins. Over time the machine becomes more and more automatic, first with a very complex electromechanical controller, then fully electronic controller; the user puts the clothes into the machine, chooses the appropriate program via the switch, switches on the engine, and returns to remove the clean clothes and slightly damp at the end of the cycle. The controller starts and stops many different processes including pumps and valves to fill and empty drums with water, heating, and rotating at different speeds, with different setting combinations for different fabrics.
Washing
Many front loaders have internal electric heating elements to heat the washing water, to boil if desired. The rate of chemical cleaning action of detergents and other laundry chemicals greatly increases with temperature, according to the Arrhenius equation. Internally heated washing machines can use special detergents formulated to release different chemicals at different temperatures, allowing different types of stains and impurities to be cleaned of clothing when the washwater is heated by an electric heater.
However, high temperature washing uses more energy, and many fabrics and elastics are damaged at higher temperatures. Temperatures in excess of 40Ã, Â ° C (104Ã, Â ° F) have the unwanted effect of deactivating the enzyme when using biological detergents.
Many machines are cold-filling, connected to cold water only, which they heat up to operating temperature. Where water can be heated cheaper or with fewer carbon dioxide emissions than with electricity, cold charging operations are inefficient.
The front loaders need to use a low-foam detergent as drum pull action overflows into clothing loads that can cause over-grabbing and overflows. However, due to the efficient use of water and detergents, containment problems with front-loader can be controlled only by using fewer detergents, without reducing cleaning measures.
Rinse
The washing machine does some rinsing after the main wash to remove most of the detergent. Modern washing machines use less water because of environmental problems; However, this has caused poor rinsing problems on many washing machines in the market, which can be a problem for people who are sensitive to detergents. The UK Allergy website advises to rerun the rinsing cycle, or rerun the entire wash cycle without detergent.
In response to complaints, many washing machines allow users to select additional rinse cycles, at the expense of higher water usage and longer cycle times.
Spinning
Higher rotational speeds, along with larger tub diameters, more water waste, leading to faster drying. If a heated clothing dryer is used after washing and spinning, energy use is reduced if more water is removed from clothing. However, faster spinning can fold more clothes. In addition, mechanical wear on the cushion increases rapidly with rotational speed, reducing lifetime. The starting engine will rotate only at 300 rpm and, due to lack of mechanical suspension, will often vibrate and vibrate.
In 1976, most front loading washing machines rotated around 700 rpm, or less.
Separate dryers, without a washing function, are available for special applications. For example, a small high-speed centrifugal machine can be provided in a public swimming changing room to allow wet bathing suits to be drained substantially for a little damp after everyday use.
Washing machines can rotate either clockwise or counterclockwise but not both in the same machine, depending on the manufacturer.
Wash care
Many home washers use plastic instead of metal, outer shell to hold washing water; residues can accumulate in plastic tubs over time. Some manufacturers advise users to perform routine maintenance or "refresh" the washing to clean the inside of the washing machine of any mold, bacteria, detergent studded, and unspecified impurities more effectively than with normal washing.
Laundry maintenance is performed without any laundry, on the hottest washing program, adding substances such as white vinegar, 100 grams of citric acid, detergent with bleaching properties, or proprietary washing machine cleaners. The first injection of water enters the sump so that the machine can be charged for 30 seconds before adding a cleaning agent.
Efficiency and standards
Capacity and cost is a consideration when buying a washing machine. If everything is the same, higher-capacity machines will be more expensive to buy, but it would be more convenient if large amounts of laundry were to be cleaned. Fewer run machines with larger capacity may have lower operating costs and better energy and water efficiency than often using smaller engines, especially for large families. Running a large machine with a small load is wasteful.
Over the years energy and water efficiency are not regulated, and little attention is given to them. From the last part of the 20th century, attention is increasing on efficiency, with regulations enforcing some standards, and efficiency being a selling point, both to save operational costs and to reduce carbon dioxide emissions associated with energy generation, and waste of water.
As energy and water efficiency are regulated, and point of sale, but the effectiveness of flushing is not, manufacturers tend to reduce the level of rinsing after washing, saving water and motor energy. It has side effects leaving the remains of detergent in the clothes. Inadequate rinsing can leave enough detergent in the clothes to affect people with allergies or sensitivity.
Europe
The washing machine displays EU Energy Label with values ​​for energy efficiency, wash performance and rotation efficiency. The value for energy efficiency goes from A to G (best to worst), providing a simple method to assess operational costs. Washing performance and rotation efficiency are sorted in A to G range. However, all machines sold must have A washing performance, so manufacturers can not compromise the washing performance to improve energy efficiency. This labeling has the desired effect to direct customers to more efficient and far less efficient washers.
TopTenEU and other TopTen European national organizations provide independent recommendations for high efficient washing machines.
According to the newer regulations, each washing machine is equipped with a wastewater filter. There are two reasons for that. On the one hand it must be ensured that no harmful chemicals are disposed of incorrectly through sewerage; on the other hand it should also be ensured that in the case of back sliding in sewerage channels which may be in case of technical problems, dirt and other wastes can not enter the washing machine.
United States
Clothes with top-loading and front-loading are covered by one Federal Standard that regulates energy consumption. The old Federal Standards valid until January 1, 2011 exclude water consumption restrictions; washing machine producers do not face legal restrictions on how much unheated rinse water can be used. Energy consumption for washers is quantified using energy factor.
But after the new mandatory Federal Standards are introduced, many US washing machines are manufactured to be more energy efficient and water than those required by federal standards, or even certified by more stringent Energy Star standards. Manufacturers are found motivated to exceed mandatory standards by direct tax credit programs to producers.
In North America, the Energy Star program compares and lists energy-efficient laundry washers. The Certified Energy Star unit can be compared with its Energy Factor (MEF) and Water Factor coefficient (WF).
MEF tells us how many cubic feet of clothes are washed per kWh (kilowatt hour) and is closely related to top-loading, front-loading, rotation speed and temperature and amount of water used. in rinse and wash cycles.
Housstar's cleaner Housstar clothing has a minimum of 2.0 MEF (the higher the better), but the best machine can reach 3.5. Energy Star washers also have WF less than 6.0 (the lower the better).
Commercial use
Commercial washing machines are intended to be used more often than consumer washing machines. Toughness and functionality are more important than style; most large and heavy commercial washing machines, often with more expensive stainless steel construction to minimize corrosion in damp environments. They are built with large, easy-to-open service covers, and washing machines are designed to require no access to the bottom for service. Often commercial washers are installed in long lines with wide access aisles behind all machines to allow maintenance without moving the machine.
Automatic washing machine
Many commercial washing machines are built for use by the general public, and installed in publicly accessible laundry or laundrettes, operated by a receiver or card reader. The characteristics of commercial laundry machines are more limited than consumer washing machines, usually offering only two or three basic washing programs and the option to choose the temperature of the wash cycle.
Common front-loading commercial washing machines also differ from consumer models in the washing and washing of water. While consumer models are pumping used washing water, allowing sewage lines to be placed over the washing machine, the front loading machine generally uses only gravity to discharge the water used. The drain duct at the rear, at the bottom of the engine is open at the time specified during the cycle and water flows out. This creates the need for drainage channels behind the engine, which leads to filters and drain. The trough is usually part of a cement platform built for the purpose of raising the engine to a comfortable height, and can be seen behind the washing machine in most laundry.
Most laundromat machines are horizontal-axis front-loading models, because their operating costs are lower (especially expensive hot water consumption).
Industrial splash
In contrast, commercial washing machines for internal business operations (still commonly referred to as washing machines/extractors) may include features that are not present in domestic machines. Many commercial washing machines offer the option of automatic injection of five or more different types of chemicals, so operators do not have to deal with soap products and fabric softener continuously for any load by hand. Instead, a precise measurement system pulls the detergent and wash the additives directly from the large liquid chemical storage barrel and injects it as needed into various washing and rinsing cycles. Some computer-controlled commercial washing machines offer operator control over various washing and rinsing cycles, which allow operators to program specific leaching cycles.
Most large industrial washers are horizontal axis machines, but may have front, side, or top doors. Some industrial washers can process up to 800 pounds (360 kg) of textiles at a time, and can be used for very annoying washing tasks such as stone washing or cloth bleaching and immersion.
An industrial washing machine can be mounted on heavy duty shock absorbers and adhered to the concrete floor, so it can take the water from the most unbalanced and heavy loads of washing. Noise and vibration are unacceptable as in domestic machines. These can be mounted on a hydraulic cylinder, allowing the entire washing machine to be lifted and tilted so that the fabric can be automatically removed from the wash drum to the conveyor belt after the cycle is completed.
One special type of continuous process washer is known as a tunnel washer. This particular high capacity machine does not have a drum in which everything that is washed has a different wash cycle and rinsing, but it drives the laundry slowly and continuously through a large diameter large diameter, horizontal rotary tube in the way of the assembly line, with different processes in position different.
Social impact
Historical and exhausting washing processes (a task often sidelined throughout the day) are often labeled 'women's work'. The spread of washing machines has been seen as a force behind the increasing position of women in society. In 2009 the Italian newspaper L'Osservatore Romano published a controversial article on International Women's Day stating that the washing machine has done more for women's liberation than the contraceptive pill and abortion rights. A study from the Università © de MontrÃÆ' © al, Canada presents the same viewpoint, adding a refrigerator as well. The following year, Swedish statistician Hans Rosling suggested that the positive effect of washing machines on women's liberation, making it "the greatest invention of the industrial revolution". It has been argued that washing machines are an example of labor-saving technology, which does not diminish work because households can internalize the benefits of innovation. Historian Frances Finnegan praised the rise of this technology in helping to reduce the economic feasibility of Magdalena Hospital in Ireland, later revealed to be a cruel inhuman prison for women, replacing their laundry business and encouraging the closure of institutions as a whole.
Prior to the emergence of washing machines, washing was done first in the creeks and then in a public wash site known as lavoir. Camille Paglia and others argue that washing machines cause a kind of social isolation of women, since communal activity becomes the sole one.
In India, dhobis , a caste group that specializes in washing clothes, is slowly adapting to modern technology, but even with access to a washing machine, many are also washing hand clothes. Since most modern homes are equipped with washing machines, many Indians have dropped the services of dhobiwallahs .
Environmental impact
Due to the increasing cost of repairs relative to the price of the washing machine, there has been a large increase in the number of damaged washing machines disposed of, thus harming the environment. The cost of repair and the expected age of the engine can make purchasing a new machine look like a better option.
Different washing machine models vary greatly in the use of water, detergents, and energy. The energy required for heating is large compared to that used by lighting, electric motors, and electronic devices. Because they use hot water, washing machines are one of the largest energy consumers in a typical modern home.
Manufacturers and brands
Famous brands include:
- Alliance Laundry Systems: including brand names Cissell, D'Hooge, Huebsch, IPSO, Speed ​​â € <â €
- ArÃÆ'§elik: including brand name ArÃÆ'§elik, Beko, Blomberg, Grundig, Arctic, Altus, Flavel, Elektra Bregenz, Leisure
- Brandt France
- BSH: including brand name Siemens (Germany), Bosch (Germany), Pitsos (Greece)
- Candy: including brand name Baumatic, Candy, Hoover (Europe), Zerowatt, Helkama, Grepa, Vyatka, Jinling
- Electrolux: including brand names Electrolux, Frigidaire, Kenmore, Arthur Martin, Zanussi, AEG (Germany), and White-Westinghouse (until 2006)
- Fagor
- Fisher & amp; Paykel (New Zealand)
- GE: including the Hotpoint (North America) brand name
- Girbau (Spanish)
- Gorenje
- Haier (Chinese)
- IFB (India)
- Indesit: including brand name Indesit, Ariston, Hotpoint (Europe), Scholtes
- LG includes GoldStar and Kenmore
- Mabe (Mexico)
- Maharaja (India)
- Miele (German)
- Panasonic ( company formerly named Matsushita Electric , including the brand "National")
- Reasons (W
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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