Scream (Norwegian: Skrik ) is a popular name given to each of four compositional versions, made as paintings and pastels, by Norwegian expressionist Edvard Munch between 1893 and 1910. The German Munch title gives these works are German Der Schrei der Natur ( Cries of Nature ). His works show the figure with an expression of suffering against the scene with a turbulent orange sky. Arthur Lubow describes The Scream as the icon of modern art, a Mona Lisa for our time.
Edvard Munch created four versions in various media. The National Gallery in Oslo, Norway, has one of two painting versions (1893, shown here). The Munch Museum holds other painted versions (1910, see gallery, below) and pastel versions of 1893. These three versions have not traveled for years, although pastel versions are exhibited in temporary exhibitions at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. by 2015.
The pastel version of 1895 sold for $ 119,922,600 at Sotheby's Impressionist and Modern Art auction on May 2, 2012 for the financier Leon Black, the fourth highest highest price paid for a painting at auction. Pastel is on display at the Museum of Modern Art in New York from October 2012 to April 2013.
Also in 1895, Munch created a lithographic stone of the image. From the lithographic prints produced by Munch, some examples persist. Only about four dozen prints were made before the original stone reappeared by the printer in the absence of Munch.
The Scream has been the target of some high profile art theft. In 1994, the version at the National Gallery was stolen. It was recovered a few months later. In 2004, both The Scream and Madonna were stolen from the Munch Museum, and both were discovered two years later.
Video The Scream
Sumber inspirasi
The original German title given by Munch for his work is Der Schrei der Natur ("The Scream of Nature"). Norwegian Title, Skrik , corresponding to English "scream". Sometimes, the painting is also called The Cry .
In his diary in an entry entitled "Nice 22 January 1892", Munch wrote:
I walked along the street with two friends - the sunset - suddenly the sky turned blood red - I stopped, feeling tired, and leaned on the fence - there was blood and flames on the blue and black fjords and the town - my friends walked , and I stood there trembling with anxiety - and I felt an infinite scream through nature.
He then describes his inspiration for the picture:
One night I was walking along the road, the city on one side and the fjord below. I feel tired and sick. I stopped and looked out of the fjord - the sun went down, and the clouds turned blood red. I feel the cry through nature; I seem to hear the scream. I painted this picture, painting clouds as real blood. The color shrieked. It became The Scream.
Among the advanced theories for explaining the reddish sky in the background is the artist's memories of the impact of a powerful volcanic eruption on Krakatoa, which greatly colored the sunset sky in the western part of the western hemisphere for months during 1883 and 1884, about a decade previous. Munch painted The Scream . This explanation has been debated by experts, who noted that Munch is an expressive painter and is not interested in the literary rendering of what he has seen. As an alternative, it has been suggested that close proximity to slaughterhouses and psychiatric hospitals in the locations depicted in the paintings may have offered some inspiration. The scene was identified as a view of the road that overlooks Oslo, Oslofjord and HovedÃÆ'¸ya, from the hill Ekeberg. At the time of painting the work, Munch's depressive mother sister, Laura Catherine, was a patient at a mental hospital at the foot of Ekeberg.
In 1978, the Munch scholar, Robert Rosenblum, argued that the strange and sexless creature in the foreground of the painting was inspired by Peruvian mummies, which Munch could see at the 1889 Eucharistic Exhibition in Paris. This mummy, buried in a fetal position with his hand beside his face, also struck the imagination of Munch's friend Paul Gauguin: it stands as a model for figures in more than twenty Gauguin paintings, among them central figures in his paintings, Human misery (Grape harvest at Arles) and for the old lady on the left in her painting, Where Do We Come From? What are we? Where are we going? . In 2004, an Italian anthropologist speculated that Munch may have seen mummies at the Natural History Museum of Florence, which has a much more striking resemblance to the painting. Nevertheless, further research has confirmed Rosenblum's suggestion, which denied the Italian theory, since Munch had never been to Florence until after painting The Scream.
The image of The Scream has been compared to that experienced by individuals suffering from depersonalization disorder, a feeling of environmental distortion and self, as well as facial pain in the form of Trigeminal neuralgia.
Maps The Scream
Painting materials
The material composition of the painted version of 1893 was examined in 2010. Pigment analysis revealed the use of yellow, vermilion, ultramarine and viridian cadmium among other pigments in the 19th century.
Thefts
The Scream has been the target of a number of thefts and attempts of theft. Some damage has been suffered in this theft.
theft 1994
On February 12, 1994, the same day as the opening of the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, two people entered the National Gallery, Oslo, and stole his version of The Scream, leaving a note reading "Thank you for poor security ". The painting was moved to the second floor gallery as part of the Olympic celebrations. After the gallery refused to pay a US $ 1 million ransom in March 1994, Norwegian police made an assault operation with the help of British police (SO10) and the Getty Museum and the painting was found undamaged on May 7, 1994. In January 1996, four people were convicted in connection with theft, including PÃÆ'  ¥ l Enger, who had been convicted of stealing Munch Vampire in 1988. They were released on appeal on the basis of law: the British agents involved in the assault operation had entered Norway with false identity.
2004 thefts
Version 1910 The Scream was stolen on August 22, 2004, at noon, when masked men entered the Munch Museum in Oslo and stole it and Munch's Madonna . A viewer photographed the robbers as they fled to their cars with artwork. On April 8, 2005, Norwegian police arrested a suspect in connection with the theft, but the paintings were still missing and it was reported that they had been burned by thieves to destroy the evidence. On June 1, 2005, with four suspects arrested in connection with the crime, the Oslo city government offered a reward of 2 million Norwegian krone (about US $ 313,500 or EUR231,200) for information that could help find the painting. Although the paintings were still missing, six men were tried in early 2006, with good accusations of helping to plan or participate in robberies. Three of the men were convicted and sentenced between four and eight years in prison in May 2006, and two of the convicts, BjÃÆ'¸rn Hoen and Petter Tharaldsen, were also ordered to pay 750 million kroner compensation (about 117.6 million US dollars or EUR86.7 million) to Oslo City. The Munch Museum was closed for ten months for security improvements.
On August 31, 2006, Norwegian police announced that police operations had restored both the Scream and Madonna, but did not disclose the detailed state of the recovery. The paintings are said to be in better-than-expected condition. "We are 100 percent sure they are genuine," police chief Iver Stensrud told a news conference. "The damage is far less than the dreaded." Museum Munch Director IngebjÃÆ'¸rg Ydstie confirmed the condition of the painting, saying it was much better than expected and the damage could be improved. The Scream has moisture damage in the lower left corner, while Madonna suffers from several tears on the right side of the painting and two holes in Madonna's arm. Before the repair and restoration began, the paintings were publicly displayed by the Munch Museum from 27 September 2006. During the five-day exhibition, 5,500 people saw damaged paintings. Preserved works were exhibited on May 23, 2008, when the exhibition "Scream and Madonna - Revisited" at the Museum Munch in Oslo showed the paintings together. Some damage to The Scream may prove impossible to fix, but the overall integrity of the work has not been compromised.
Record sales in auction
The 1895 version of the pastel-on-board work, owned by Norwegian businessman Petter Olsen, was sold at Sotheby in London for a record price of nearly US $ 120 million at an auction on May 2, 2012. The bid starts at $ 40 million and lasts for more than 12 minute when American businessman Leon Black over the phone gave a final offer of US $ 119,922,500, including the buyer's premium. Sotheby says the work is the most colorful and vibrant of the four versions painted by Munch and the only version whose frames are hand painted by artists to include his poetry, detailing work inspiration. After the sale, Sotheby auctioneer Tobias Meyer said the work was "worth every penny", adding: "This is one of the great art icons in the world and whoever buys it should be congratulated."
The previous record for the most expensive artwork sold at auction has been held by Picasso's Nude, Green Leaves and Bust , which sold for $ 106.5 million at Christie's two years earlier on May 4, 2010.
In popular culture
At the end of the 20th century, The Scream was emulated, parodied, and (after copyright expiration) imitated instantly, which resulted in it obtaining iconic status in popular culture. It was used on the cover of several editions of Arthur Janov's The Primal Scream . In 1983-1984, pop artist Andy Warhol made a series of silk-print works copied by Munch, including The Scream . The stated purpose is to remove the painting by making it a mass-reproducible object. Munch has already begun the process, however, by making lithographic works for reproduction. The ironic and disrespectful treatment of Munch's work in his acrylic paintings The Second Scream (1967) and Ding Dong (1979) is considered a characteristic of postmodern art. Kevin McCallister's expression (Macaulay Culkin) in the poster for the movie Home Alone was inspired by The Scream . Cartoonist Gary Larson includes "awards" for The Scream (titled The Whine ) in the Wiener Dog Art painting and his cartoon compilation, in which the central figure is replaced with a howling dachshund. The Scream has been used in ads, in cartoons like The Simpsons , movies, and on television.
The main alien antagonist depicted in the 2011 BBC series of Doctor Who , named "The Silence", has a partial appearance based on The Scream . In 2001, Big Finish Productions performed audio, Dust Breeding , featuring Seventh Doctor who tries to acquire Scream from an art gallery in the future where he is destined to disappear under mysterious circumstances, but learns that it contains an ancient psychic weapon known as Warp Core, which is caught in the artist's mind until he "pulls out" Core Warp into the painting, with Master attempting to take control of the weapon that damages his body. and both attempts resulted in the destruction of the colony.
The Ghostface mask worn by the main antagonist of the Scream horror film series is based on the painting, and was created by Brigitte Sleiertin, a Fun World employee, as a Halloween costume, before being discovered by Marianne Maddalena and Wes Craven for the film.
In the episode of Jonathan Creek The Coonskin Cap, Jonathan made an important clue by looking at the image of The Scream used for the background, reflecting how changes in perspective can mean that people assume the painting as a person hear screams and also someone shouting, allowing him to know the circumstances behind the death of the woman.
In 2013, The Scream is one of four paintings the Norwegian postal service selected for a series of stamps that mark the 150th anniversary of the birth of Edvard Munch.
The patient resource group for trigeminal neuralgia (which has been described as the most painful condition that exists) has also adopted the image as a condition symbol.
In "The Missing Scream of Munch", an episode of the anime Detective Conan , the loss of The Scream gives the main part of the plot.
Feature painting in chapter 12 of Philip K. Dick's novel, What is Android Dream of Electric Sheep? Two gift hunters, Deckard and Resch are on the trail of Luba Luft, an android suspect. The painting is described as follows: "The painting shows a creature that is not hairy and oppressed with an inverted pear-like head, his hands clapping in horror to his ears, his mouth open in a great noiseless scream, ripples from the torture of the creature, echoes. his cry, flooding into the surrounding air: the man or woman, whichever it is, has been trapped by his own howl. "
Characters rendered in the style of art that explicitly resemble paintings are often drawn in manga written by Rumiko Takahashi, as in Ranma 1/2. Takahashi has expressed his love for the job.
In most Unicode rendering emissions, U 1F631 ? Face Screaming in Fear is created to resemble the subject of the painting.
The simplest version of the subject of the painting is one of the pictographs considered by the US Department of Energy to be used as a symbol of certain non-linguistic hazards to warn human civilization in the future of radioactive waste.
In 2016, Good Smile Company produces fig action figures based on The Scream .
Gallery
References
Further reading
- Temkin, A., Screams: Edvard Munch , Museum of Modern Art 2012
- Heller, R., Edvard Munch: The Scream , Penguin, London 1973
External links
- Edvard Munch - Biography and Paintings
- Munch and The Scream - Discuss in the series In Our Time
- Scream - Versions that can be enlarged
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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