Kirlian Photography is a collection of photographic techniques used to capture the phenomena of coronal discharge. It was named after Semyon Kirlian, who, in 1939, accidentally discovered that if an object on a photographic plate is connected to a high voltage source, the image is generated on a photographic plate. This technique has been widely known as "electrography", "electrophotography", "corona discharge photography" (CDP), "bioelectrography", "gas discharge visualization (GDV)", "electrophotonic imaging (EPI)", and, in Russian literature, "Kirlianography".
Kirlian photography has been the subject of major scientific research, parapsychological research and art. For the most part, it has been used in alternative drug research.
Video Kirlian photography
History
In 1889, Czech B. Navratil invented the word "electrography". Seven years later in 1896, a French researcher, H. Baraduc, created hand and leaf electrographs.
In 1898, Russian engineer, Yakov Narkevich-Iodko, demonstrated electrography at the 5th exhibition of the Russian Engineering Society.
In 1939, two Czechs, S. Pratt and J. Schlemmer published photographs showing light around the foliage. That same year, Russian electric engineer Semyon Kirlian and his wife Valentina developed Kirlian photography after observing a patient at the Krasnodar hospital receiving medical care from high-frequency electrical generators. They have noticed that when the electrodes are brought near the patient's skin, there is a light similar to a fluorescent discharge tube.
The Kirlians perform experiments in which a photographic film is placed on a conductor plate, and another conductor attached to a hand, leaf or other plant material. Conductors are energized by high-frequency high-voltage power sources, producing photographic images typically showing a silhouette of objects surrounded by a light aura.
In 1958, Kirlians reported their experimental results for the first time. Their work was almost unknown until 1970, when two Americans, Lynn Schroeder and Sheila Ostrander, published a book, The Psychic Discovery Behind the Iron Curtain . High-voltage electrophotography is immediately recognized by the general public as Kirlian photography. Although little interest was generated among western scientists, Russia held a conference on this issue in 1972 at Kazakh State University.
Kirlian photography was used in the former East Block in the 1970s. Corona flows glow on the surface of objects subjected to high-voltage electric fields referred to as "Kirlian auras" in Russia and Eastern Europe. In 1975, the Belarusian scientist Victor Adamenko wrote a dissertation entitled Research of the structure of high-frequency electrical discharge (Kirlian effect) . Scientific studies of what the researchers call the Kirlian effect are done by Victor Inyushin at Kazakh State University.
In the early 1970s, Thelma Moss and Kendall Johnson at the Center for Health Sciences at UCLA conducted extensive research into Kirlian photography. Moss leads an independent and unsupported parapsychological laboratory that was closed down by the university in 1979.
Maps Kirlian photography
Overview
Kirlian Photography is a technique for making photo print contacts using high voltage. This process involves placing a photographic film of a sheet on a metal release plate. The object to be photographed is then placed directly above the film. A momentary high voltage is applied to the object, thus creating exposure. Release of the corona between the object and plate due to the high voltage captured by the film. The developed movie generates Kirlian photos of the object.
Color photography films are calibrated to produce loyal colors when exposed to normal light. Corona discharges can interact with minute variations on the various dye layers used in the film, producing a wide range of colors depending on the local intensity of the discharge. Film and digital imaging techniques also record the light generated by photons emitted during corona discharge (see Corona disposal mechanism).
Photographs of inanimate objects such as coins, keys and leaves can be made more effective by grounding objects to earth, cold water pipes or to the opposite side (polarity) of high voltage sources. Grounding the object creates a stronger corona release.
Kirlian photography does not require the use of a camera or lens because this is the process of printing contacts. It is possible to use a transparent electrode instead of a high voltage discharge plate, allowing one to capture the corona discharges produced with a standard photo or video camera.
Visual artists such as Robert Buelteman, Ted Hiebert, and Dick Lane have used Kirlian photography to produce artistic images of various subjects. Photographer Mark D. Roberts, who has worked with Kirlian imagery for more than 40 years, published a portfolio of crops titled "Vita Occulta Plantarum" or "The Secret Life of Plants," was first exhibited in 2012 at the Bakken Museum in Minneapolis, and is currently being marketed to botanical gardens and galleries across the United States. In addition, he has experimented with coloring techniques by hand as well as digitally.
Research
Kirlian photography has been the subject of scientific research, parapsychological research and pseudoscientific claims.
Scientific research
The results of a scientific experiment published in 1976 involving Kirlian photography of living tissue (human fingertips) show that most variations in corona discharge of long streams, density, curvature and color can be accounted for by moisture content on the surface and in living tissue. Scientists outside the US have also conducted scientific research.
Konstantin Korotkov developed a technique similar to Kirlian photography called "gas discharge visualization" (GDV). Korotkov GDV camera system consists of hardware and software to record, process and interpret GDV images directly with the computer. The Korotkov website promotes its tools and research in a medical context. Izabela Ciesielska at the Institute of Architecture of Textiles in Poland used Korotkov's GDV camera to evaluate the effects of human contact with various textiles on biological factors such as heart rate and blood pressure, as well as images of corona release. Experiments capture the corona's lukewarm images on the subject of the fingertips while the subject wears the arms of various natural and synthetic materials on their forearms. The results fail to establish a relationship between human contact with textile and corona discharge images and are considered inconclusive.
Parapsychology Research
Around the 1970s, paranormal research interest peaked. In 1968, Thelma Moss, a professor of psychology, presided over the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute (NPI), later renamed Semel Institute. NPI has a laboratory dedicated to parapsychology research and most of its staff are volunteers. The laboratory was not funded, not sanctioned and eventually closed by the university. Toward the end of his tenure at UCLA, Moss became interested in Kirlian photography, a technique that should measure the "aura" of living things. According to Kerry Gaynor, one of his former research assistants, "many who feel the effects of Kirlian photography are just natural events".
Kirlian paranormal claims of photography have not been observed or replicated in experiments by the scientific community. Physiologist Gordon Stein has written that Kirlian photography is a hoax that "has nothing to do with the health, vitality, or mood of the photographed subject."
Claim
Kirlian believes that the images created by Kirlian photography may depict a cursed energy field, or aura, the mind, by some, to surround living things. Kirlian and his wife are convinced that their images show a life force or an energy field that reflects the physical and emotional state of their life's subject. They think that these images can be used to diagnose illness. In 1961, they published their first article on the subject in the Russian Scientific Journal and Photography Applied. Kirlian claims are embraced by energy-care practitioners.
Leaf split experiment
Typical demonstrations are used as evidence of the existence of this energy field that involves taking Kirlian photos of the picked leaves at certain intervals. The decay of the leaves is slowly thought to be in accordance with the decrease of aura's strength. In some experiments, if the leaf part is detached after the first photo, a faint image of the missing part sometimes remains when the second photo is taken. However, if the imaging surface is cleaned of contaminants and residual moisture before the second image is taken, no missing parts will appear.
The aura of life theory is at least partially rejected by demonstrating that leaf water content has a marked effect on coronas of electrical discharges; more moisture results in greater corona discharges. When the leaves are dehydrated, the corona will naturally decrease its variability and intensity. As a result, changes in leaf water content can affect what is called a Kirlian aura. Kirlian experiments provide no evidence for an energy field other than an electric field generated by a chemical process and a coronal release process stream.
Coronal discharges identified as Kirlian auras are the result of a stochastic electrical ionization process and are strongly influenced by many factors, including the stress and frequency of the stimulus, the pressure by which a person or object touches the surface of the imaging, the local humidity around the object being imaged, how well the earth is grounded or objects, and other local factors that affect the conductivity of the person or object being imaged. Oil, sweat, bacteria, and other ionizing contaminants found in living tissues can also affect the resulting image.
Qi
Scientists like Beverly Rubik have explored the idea of ​​a human biofield that uses Kirlian photography research, trying to explain Chinese Qigong discipline. Qigong teaches that there is a vitalistic energy called qi (or chi) that penetrates all living things. The idea of ​​qi as its own field, not just the electromagnetic field of beings, has been ignored by the scientific community.
The Rubik experiment relies on GDV Konstantin Korotkov's device to produce images, which are considered to be visualizing this biofield qi in chronically ill patients. Rubik admitted that the small sample size in his experiment was "too small to allow meaningful statistical analysis". The claim that this energy can be captured by specialized photographic equipment is criticized by skeptics.
In popular culture
Kirlian photography has emerged as a fictional element in many books, films, television series, and media productions, including the 1975 film The Kirlian Force, re-released with a more sensational title Psychic Killer . Kirlian photographs have been used as visual components in various media, such as George Harrison's 1973 album album Living in the Material World, featuring Kirlian photographs of his hands holding Hindu medals on the forearms and American Coins in the back, was shot at UCLA's parapsychological laboratory Thelma Moss.
See also
- Bioelectromagnetism
- Field-L
- List of topics that are characterized as pseudoscience
- Magnetic particle examination (Magnaflux)
- Russian innovation timeline
- Walter Kilner
- Water (movie 2006)
Note
References
Further reading
- Becker, Robert and Selden, Gary, The Body Electric: Electromagnetism and the Foundation of Life , (Quill/Williams Morrow, 1985)
- Krippner, S. and Rubin, D., Galaxy of Life , (Gordon and Breach, 1973)
- Ostrander, S. and Schroeder, L., Discovery Psi Behind the Iron Curtain , (Prentice-Hall 1970)
- Iovine, John Kirlian Photography - A Hands on Guide , (McGraw-Hill 1993)
External links
- Kirlian Photography and "Aura" , Dr. Rory Coker, Professor of Physics at the University of Texas at Austin
- Field of Bioenerget in Wayback Machine (archived May 8, 2016) , Victor J. Stenger, University of Hawaii at Manoa
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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