Bowling is a sporting or recreational activity where players roll or throw bowling balls toward the target. This is one of the main forms of throwing sport. In bowling pin variations, the target is usually to drop the pin at the end of the track. The rebuke is when all the pins are thrown on the first roll, while the backup is when all the pins are thrown on the second shot. The maximum score is 300, which is achieved by getting 12 consecutive strikes. Three consecutive strikes known as "turkey". Further strike attacks are referred to as numbers with the word "bagger", such as "four baggers" for four consecutive strikes. The term "hambones" has also been used to describe four consecutive strikes. In the target variation, the goal is usually to get the ball as close to the mark as possible. Bowling pin versions are often played on flat or other synthetic wood surfaces (which can be oiled with different patterns for different techniques), while in bowling targets, the surface may be grass, gravel or synthetic surfaces. The most common pin bowling pins are ten-pin, nine-pin, candlepin, duckpin and five-pin bowling, while in bowling targets, bowls, skittles, kegel, bocce, carpet bowls, pÃÆ'Ã… © tanque, and boule, both indoor and outdoor varieties are very popular. Today the bowling sport is played by 100 million people in over 90 countries worldwide (including 70 million in the United States), and continues to grow through entertainment media such as video games for home consoles and handheld devices.
Bowling in the United States and Canada most often refers to ten pin bowling. In the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries more often refers to the grass bowl.
Video Bowling
Histori
Antiquity
The earliest known forms of bowling came from ancient Egypt. The remnants of the ball used at the time were found among artifacts in ancient Egypt that returned to Egypt's protodinamic period in 3200 BC Balls were made using grain husks, covered with leather-like material, and tied with ropes. Another ball made of porcelain has also been found, showing that it was rolled on the ground rather than thrown because of its size and weight. Some of them resemble modern jacks used in bowl game targets. Bowling games of various shapes were also recorded by Herodotus as Lydia's discoveries in Asia Minor.
About 2,000 years ago, in the Roman Empire, a similar game developed among the Roman legions that involved throwing stone objects as close as possible to other stone objects, which eventually evolved into Italian Bocce, or outdoor bowling.
Around 400 AD, bowling began in Germany as a religious ritual to rid itself of sin by rolling rocks to a club (kegel) representing a kafir, causing bowlers to be called keglers.
Medieval
In 1299, the oldest bowling green for the target bowling style to survive until modern times was built, Close Master (now Old Bowling Green at Southampton Bowling Club) in Southampton, England; still in use.
In 1325 the law was passed in Berlin and Cologne restricted bets on grass bowling to five shillings.
In 1366 the first official mention of bowling in England was made when King Edward III forbade him as a distraction for archery practice.
In the 15th to the 17th century, grass bowling spread from Germany to Austria, Switzerland, and the Lower Countries, with play surfaces made of ash or baked clay.
In 1455 the grass bowling strip in London was first closed, turning the bowling into a weather game. In Germany they are called kegelbahns, often attached to a drink and guesthouse.
In 1463 a public feast was held in Frankfurt, Germany, with a venison dinner followed by grass bowling.
the 16th to the 18th century
In 1511, King Henry VIII of England was a diligent bowler. He banned bowling for the lower classes and imposed a levy for a private line to limit them to the rich. Another British law passed in 1541 (repealed in 1845) prohibited workers from bowling except on Christmas day, and only in the homes of their employers and in front of him. In 1530 he acquired the Whitehall Palace in central London as his new residence, after which it was rebuilt extensively complete with outdoor bowling lanes, indoor tennis courts, jousting tiltyard, and cockfighting holes.
Around 1520 founders of the Protestant Reformation Martin Luther set the number of pins (which varied from 3 to 17) at nine, and built a bowling lane next to his home for his children, sometimes rolling his own ball.
On July 19, 1588, British Vice Admiral Sir Francis Drake was allegedly playing bowls at Plymouth Hoe when the arrival of the Spanish Fleet was announced, and replied, "We have enough time to finish the match and defeat the Spaniards as well."
In 1609, Dutch East India Company explorer Henry Hudson discovered Hudson Bay, bringing Dutch colonization to New Amsterdam (then New York); The Hudson people brought some form of bowling grass with them.
In 1617 King James I of England published the Declaration of Sport, forbidding bowling on Sundays but allowing dancing and archery for those who first attended the Anglican service, hostile to the Puritans; it was reissued in 1633 by his successor Charles I, then ordered openly burned in 1643 by the Puritan Parliament.
In 1670, the Dutch liked to stop by the Old Arms Arms located near 2nd-modern and Broadway in New York City.
In 1733 Bowling Green in New York City was built at the location of the Dutch livestock market and the parade grounds, becoming the city's oldest urban park to survive to modern times.
In the 19th century
A painting from around 1810 shows British bowlers playing bowling sport outdoors. This shows the formation of a ten-pin triangle chronologically before it appears in the United States.
In 1819, New York writer Washington Irving made the first mention of ninepin bowling in American literature in his story Rip Van Winkle.
On January 1, 1840, Knickerbocker Alleys in New York City opened, becoming the first indoor bowling arena.
In 1841, the state of Connecticut banned the bowling of nine pins to stop gambling, which led to ten-pin bowling being made to deal with the law - about 31 years after painting the previously mentioned outdoor ten-pin bowling UK bowl.
In 1846, the oldest remaining bowling lane in the United States was built as part of Roseland Cottage, Henry Chandler Bowen's summer plantation (1831-1896) in Woodstock, Connecticut. The trails, now part of the new Roseland Cottage House Museum in New England, contain elements of Gothic Revival architecture that fit the style of the entire estate.
In 1848, the 1848 Revolution resulted in accelerated German immigration to the United States, reaching 5 million in 1900, bringing their love of beer and playing bowling with them; at the end of the 19th century they made New York City a bowling center.
In 1848, the Scottish Bowling Association for grass bowling was founded in Scotland by 200 clubs; it was dissolved and then restyled in 1892.
In 1864, Glasgow cotton merchant William Wallace Mitchell (1803-84) published the Manual of Bowls Playing , which became the standard reference for grass bowling in Scotland.
In 1875, the National Bowling Association (NBA) was founded by 27 local clubs in New York City to standardize rules for ten pin bowling, setting the ball size and the distance between foul lines and pins, but failing to agree on another. rules; it was replaced in 1895 by the American Bowling Congress.
In 1880, Justin White of Worcester, Massachusetts found Bowling Candlepin.
In the 1880s, Brunswick Corporation (founded in 1845) from Chicago, Illinois, the maker of pool tables began making bowling balls, pins and wooden paths for sale to bar shops in the bowling alleys.
On September 9, 1895, the modern standard rule for ten pin bowling was established in New York City by the American Bowling Congress (ABC) (later the Bowling Congress of the United States), which changed the scoring system from a maximum of 200 points to 20 balls to a maximum of 300 points for 10 balls , and set the maximum ball weight at 16 lbs, and the pin spacing at 12 inches. The first ABC champion (1906-1921) was Jimmy Smith (1885-1948). In 1927, Mrs Floretta "Doty" McCutcheon (1888-1967) defeated Smith in an exhibition match, setting up a school that taught 500,000 women how to make a bowl. In 1993 women were allowed to join ABC. In 2005 ABC joined the Women's International Bowling Congress (WIBC) et al. to become United States Bowling Congress (USBC).
ABC initially used a bowling ball made of Lignum vitae wood from the Caribbean, which was eventually replaced by an Ebonite rubber bowling ball (1905) and Brunswickite Mineralite rubber ball (1914). In 1980 the urethane-shell bowling ball was introduced by Ebonite.
In the early 1890s, Duckpin bowling was discovered in Boston, Massachusetts, spreading to Baltimore, Maryland around 1899.
In the 20th century
In 1903, the British Bowling Association was founded by cricketer W. G. Grace. On January 1, 2008 joined the British Women's Boling Association to become Bowls England.
In 1903 D. Peifer of Chicago, Illinois discovered a defect method for bowling.
In 1905, Duckpin Bowling Rubber was discovered by Willam Wuerthele of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, who works in Quebec, Canada.
Rules for the target bowl evolved separately in each other country that adopted the dominant game of England. In 1905 the International Bowling Board was formed; its constitution adopted the Scottish Bowling Association law, with variations allowed in each country.
In September 1907, the Victoria Women's Bowling Association was established in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, becoming the first female grass bowling association in the world.
In 1908, the oldest surviving bowling lane for the tenpin sport was opened in Milwaukee, Wisconsin - in the basement of the Holler House store, containing the oldest sanctions line in the United States.
In 1909, the first ten pin bowling lane in Europe was installed in Sweden, but the match failed in Europe until after World War II. Meanwhile, ten pin bowling was caught in Britain after hundreds of bowling lanes were installed at US military bases during World War II.
In 1913 the monthly Bowlers Journal was founded in Chicago, Illinois, continuing to be published to this day.
At the end of 1916 the International Bowling Women's Congress (WIBC) (originally the National Women's Bowling Association) was established in Saint Louis, Missouri, joined the US Bowling Congress in 2005.
In 1920-1933, the ban on the US caused a bowling alley to separate themselves from saloons, transformed bowling into family games, and pushed women bowlers.
On October 2, 1921 the annual Petersen Open Bowling Tournament (a.k.a. The Pete) was first held in Chicago, Illinois, becoming the richest bowling tournament of the day. In 1998 it was taken over by AMF.
In 1926, the International Bowling Association (IBA) was formed by the US, Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands and Finland, holding four world championships in 1936.
On March 21, 1934, the National Bowling Writers Association was founded in Peoria, Illinois by four bowling journalists; in 1953 it changed its name to the Bowling of America Writers Association.
In August 1939, the National Negro Bowling Association was established in Detroit, Michigan, dropping Negro from the title in 1944 and opening the membership to all races, reaching 30,000 members in 2007.
In 1947, the Australian Women's Bowling Board was established, which held Australia's first national women's bowling championship in Sydney in 1949, won by Ny. R. Cranley from Queensland.
On April 18, 1948, the Professional Boling Women Writer (PWBW) was founded in Dallas, Texas, accepting the man in 1975. On January 1, 2007, joined the American Bowling Writers Association.
Around the 1950 Golden Age of Ten-Pin Bowling began, in which professional bowler players made salaries rival baseball, soccer and hockey players; ended in the late 1970s.
In 1950-1951, ABC and WIBC opened membership for blacks.
In 1951 the first ABC Masters tournament was held, becoming one of the four majors in 2000.
In 1952 the Internationale des Quilleurs (FIQ) was founded in Hamburg, Germany to coordinate international amateur competition in nine pin and ten pin bowling. In 1954, the first FIQ World Bowling Championship was held in Helsinki, Finland. In 1979 the International Olympic Committee recognized it as the world's official body for bowling. In 2014, his name changed to World Bowling.
In 1952 American Machine and Foundry (AMF) from Brooklyn, N.Y. began marketing the automatic Pinsetter machine, eliminating the need for pinboy and causing bowling to skyrocket in popularity, making the 1950s Bowler Decade.
In 1954 Steve Nagy (1913-1966) became the first person to make the perfect 300 games on TV on the NBC-TV "Championship Bowling". The PBA then named his sporting honor after him.
In 1958 the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) was founded in Akron, Ohio by Don Carter, Dick Weber, Dick Hoover, Buzz Fazio, Carmen Salvino, Glenn Allison et al., Achieving 4,300 members in 14 countries around the world. In 1975 Earl Anthony became the first PBA member with an annual income of $ 100,000, and the first reached a total of $ 1,000,000 in 1982. In 2000, he was bought by a former Microsoft executive, who moved the PBA headquarters to Seattle, Washington.
On November 28, 1960, the first PBA Championships in Memphis, Tennessee were won by Don Carter. In 2002 it was renamed the PBA World Championship, giving Earh Anthony Trophy to the winners.
In 1960 the Association of Women's Professional Bowling (PWBA) was founded as the first professional women's bowling association; it died in 2003.
In 1960 the National Bowling League (NBL) was established to compete with the PBA, signing the names of players including Billy Welu and Buzz Fazio, but failed to sign top Don Carter, after the failure to get a TV contract caused him to fold after the first championship in 1962.
In 1962, the PBA Champions Tournament was founded, sponsored in 1965-1993 by Firestone Tire.
In 1962 the American Wheelchair Bowling Association (AWBA) was founded in Louisville, Kentucky by Richard F. Carlson.
On November 3-10, 1963, the 5th FIQ World Bowling Championship in Mexico City, Mexico was attended by 132 men and 45 women (first time) from 19 countries, and featured the US Team debut, which won seven out of eight gold medals.
On November 25, 1963 Sports Illustrated published A Guy Named Smith's Striking It Rich article, revealing that the PBA star earns more money than any other professional sports star. "With over $ 1 million in prizes to be taken, the best professional bowler players in the country are rolling money." Unfortunately, after the number of bowling alleys in the US enlarged from 65,000 in 1957 to 160,000 in 1962, the booming US bowling industry hit a brick wall in 1963, but this was compensated by a new explosion in Europe and Japan, making 10-Enticing international sports.
In 1964, "Mr. Bowling" Don Carter became the first athlete to sign a $ 1 million support contract, a multi-year deal with Ebonite International.
In 1964, Marion Ladewig, the 9th time winner of the American Bowling Women's Writers Association, Bowler of the Year Award, became the first Pioneer of Performance Excellence into the Hall of Fame of WIBC.
In 1965, the AMF Bowling World Cup was founded by FIQ.
On January 27, 1967 the Japan Professional Bowling Association (JPBA) was established in Tokyo, Japan.
In 1971 the US Open was founded by the PBA.
In 1978 the pioneer of the National Negro Bowling Association J. Elmer Reed (1903-83) became the first African-American to be inducted into the ABC Hall of Fame.
On December 16, 1979 Willie Willis won the Brunswick National Settlement Tournament in Charlotte, North Carolina, becoming the first African-American bowling champion at PBA in a non-touring event. In 1980 he became the first African-American Firestone Victory Tournament, which was ranked 13th.
On 27 February 1982 Earl Anthony won the Toledo Trust PBA National Championship, becoming the first bowler to reach $ 1 million in career income.
In 1982, the Young American Bowling Alliance was formed from the merger of the American Junior Bowling Congress, the Youth Bowling Association, and the ABC and WIBC colleges division.
In 1982, the Commonwealth Commonwealth 1982 in Brisbane, Australia added women's bowls to the occasions.
On November 22, 1986 George Branham III (1962-) became the first African-American to win the PBA national tour event, the Brunswick Memorial World Open in Chicago, Illinois.
On September 18, 1988, the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea featured ten pin bowling as a demonstration sport.
On August 2, 1991 in Havana, Cuba, tenpin bowling became the first international medal-level sport at the 1991 Pan American Games, and continues to this day.
In the 1992-1993 season, ABC introduced a bowling resin ball, resulting in 300 perfect scores rising 20%.
In 1995 the first ESPY Best Bowler Award was awarded.
In 1995, the National Bowling Stadium in Reno, Nevada opened, known as the Taj Mahal of Tenpins.
On February 2, 1997 Jeremy Sonnenfeld (1975-) silenced the first officially approved series of three of 300 300 straight games in Sun Valley Lanes in Lincoln, Nebraska, known as "Mr. 900".
In 1998 the 10-pin staging tournament of the World Tenpin Masters was established.
In 2000, the Weber Cup, named after Dick Weber was founded as a 10-pin bowling equivalent to a Ryder Cup golf, with Team USA playing a European Team in a 3-day match.
In the 21st century
On March 31, 2004, Missy Bellinder (1981-) (later Parkin) became the first female PBA member.
In 2004, the Brunswick Euro Challenge was established for amateur and pro 10-pin bowling players from Europe, Asia and the US.
On January 24, 2010 Kelly Kulick (1977-) became the first woman to win the PBA Champion Tournament and the first woman to win a PBA national tour event.
In November 2012 after the bowling league dropped from 80% to 20% of their business, the AMF Bowling Center in Richmond, Virginia filed for Chapter 11 for the second time (first in 2001), joining in 2013 with a New York-based bowling center class top Bowlmor operator (who does not support bowling league) in an effort to change league playing bowling, progressing from 276 centers in 2013 to 315 by 2015.
In 2013 the PBA League was established, consisting of a 5-person permanent team, with an annual draft.
Maps Bowling
Variations
Bowling games can be divided into two general classes:
Bowling pin
The five major variations found in North America, vary mainly in New England and parts of Canada:
- Ten pin bowling: the biggest and heaviest pin, and equipped with a big ball with three finger holes, and the most popular type in North America
- Nine bowling pins: pins that usually stick to the ropes at the top, using a ball without finger holes. bowlepin bowling: the highest pin (40 cm), thin with a suitable tip, is shrunken with the smallest and lightest ball (weighing 1.1 kilograms (2.4 pounds)) of any bowling ball, and the only form with no falling pins removed during the frame.
- bowpin bowling: short, squat, and bowling with a handball.
- Bowling five pins: high, between duckpins and candlepins diameter with rubber girdle, with a handball ball, mostly found in Canada.
Target bowling
Another form of bowling is usually played outdoors on the lawn. In outdoor bowling, players throw the ball, which is sometimes eccentrically weighted, in an effort to place it closer to the point or designated slot in the bowling alley.
Accessibility
Technological innovation has made bowling accessible to disabled community members. The bowler, a device designed by a quadriplegic engineer named Bill Miller, sticks to a wheelchair and allows the user to control the speed, direction, and timing of a ten pin bowling ball release. The name comes from the Greek "ikano", which means "activate".
- The use of the bowling arm and lifter allows the bowlers to deliver the bowl to minimize the amount of movement required
- The wheelchair and green manufacturer have been producing modified and gentle wheel tires to allow wheelchair owners to access vegetable bowls.
- Modified game conditions as outlined in the classification Disadvantages in the grass bowl
In popular culture
With leading individuals
US. President
In 1948, the bowling lane was first built on the ground floor of the West Wing at the residence of the US President, the White House, as a birthday present for President Harry S. Truman, at the White House Situation Situation site 2010. The line was transferred to the Old Executive Office Building in the year 1955 to pave the way for stensilan space.
In 1969, friends from US President Richard M. Nixon, said to be a diligent bowler, had a new one-lane tunnel built in the basement beneath the North Portico building.
Display
In movie
- Bowling is the part set for the flagship number, "Score Tonight," in the 1982 movie Grease 2.
- Kingpin is a comedy in 1996 about a professional bowler who lost his hand but ended up making him back into professional bowling using prosthetic hands.
- Ten-pin bowling is a frequent motif in the 1998 Coen brothers movie The Big Lebowski .
- The 2002 Australian film comedy Crackerjack centers on activity at the grass bowl club.
- Blackball , a 2003 comedy film about lawn lawn players, based on Griff Sanders.
On television
Bowling is the main theme in JDrama The Golden Bowl . The Bowling Championship continues to be broadcast on ESPN's network for fans to watch.
Drawings
A painting dating from around 1810, and has been on display at the International Bowling Hall of Fame and Museum in St. Louis. Louis, Missouri (before relocating on January 26, 2010, to the International Bowling Campus in Arlington, Texas), shows British Bowlers playing outdoor sports in the earliest known depictions of "ten-pin bowling" of any type, with the formation of triangles ten pins, chronologically before appearing in the United States. This photo of the painting appeared on the pages of the US-based "Bowler's Journal" in 1988.
On January 28, 1950, the painting of Bowling Strike by George Hughes (1907-1989) appeared on the cover of Saturday Evening Post .
In 1982, American Expressionist painter LeRoy Neiman produced the famous PBA star, Earl Anthony, millions of dollars.
See also
- Open bowling
- Ten bowling pins
- Bowling bow
- Glossary of bowling terms
- Automatic scorer
- The Battle of the Bowling Alley, so named because of the narrow valley north of Taegu, South Korea (nicknamed "Bowling Gang"), where UN troops defeated North Korean troops at the start of the Korean War
- FÃÆ'  © dà © à © ration Internationale des Quilleurs (FIQ), the top international bowling organization
- New Zealand Indoor Bowl
- Pinsetter
- Skee balls - a game that plays similarly to bowling
- Skittles, the sport from which alley based bowling comes
- Bowl, grass bowling
- bowling on Irish roads, along country roads in Ireland, but without targets Bowling Alone, a 2000 book by Robert D. Putnam which states that the decline of bowling league since 1950 is an indication of a decline in social participation by Americans.
- Comparison of orthotics
References
Note
Bacaan lebih lanjut
- Grasso, John & amp; Hartmen, Eric R. (2014) Kamus Sejarah Bowling
- The Historyscoper
Tautan eksternal
- Â Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bowling". EncyclopÃÆ'¦dia Britannica (edisi 11). Cambridge University Press.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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