Candles are axes embedded in wax or other flammable solids such as fats that give light, and in some cases, scents. It can also be used to provide heat, or be used as a method to keep time.
A wax factory is traditionally known as a chandler. Various devices have been created to hold candles, from simple table candle holders to complicated chandeliers.
To light a candle, a heat source (usually a flame) is used to light the wax axis, which melts and vaporizes a small amount of fuel (wax). Once evaporated, the fuel combines with oxygen in the atmosphere to ignite and form a constant flame. This flame provides sufficient heat to make the candle burn through a continuous chain of events: heat of fire melts the top of the solid fuel mass; the liquid fuel then moves upward through the axis through the capillaries; liquid fuel eventually evaporates to burn in the flame of a candle.
When solid fuel mass is melted and consumed, the wax becomes shorter. The non-radiating axis portion of the vapor is consumed in a flame. The incineration axis limits the length of the open axis, thus maintaining a constant combustion temperature and fuel consumption rate. Some axes require regular pruning with scissors (or special axis trimmers), usually about a quarter inch (~ 0.7 cm), to promote slower, steady burning, and also to prevent smoking. In the early days, the axis needs to be trimmed quite often. Special scissors called "snuffers" were produced for this purpose in the 20th century and often combined with extinguishers. In modern wax, the axis is built so curved as it burns. This ensures that the axis end gets the oxygen and then consumed by fire - the self-trimming axis.
Video Candle
Etymology
The word wax comes from the Middle English candel , from Old English and from Anglo-Norman candele , both from the Latin cand? La , from cand? re , to shine.
Maps Candle
History
Before the candle, people use oil lamps where the lighted axis rests in a liquid oil container. The liquid oil lamp has a tendency to spill, and the wick should be moved by hand. Rome began to make original dyed wax from fat, starting around 500 BC. The ancient wax of Europe is made of various forms of natural fats, fats, and candles. In Ancient Rome, candles were made of fat because of the expensive cost of beeswax. It is possible that they also existed in Ancient Greece, but improper terminology makes it difficult to determine. The earliest surviving candles are from Han Chinese around 200 BC. This early Chinese candle was made from whale fat.
During the Middle Ages in Europe, tallow candles were the most common candles. In the 13th century, candle making has become a union craft in England and France. Candle makers (chandlers) go from house to house make candles from stored kitchen fats for that purpose, or make and sell their own candles from small candle shops. Beeswax, compared with animal fat, is burnt clean, without fire smoke. Instead of a terrible and terrible foul smell, it exudes a fresh smell. Beeswax is expensive, and relatively few people are able to burn them in their homes in medieval Europe. However, they are widely used for church ceremonies.
In the 18th century, spermaceti, oil produced by sperm whales, was used to produce superior wax. At the end of the 18th century, colza oil and rapeseed oil began to be used as a cheaper substitute.
Modern era
Candle making became an industrial mass market in the mid-19th century. In 1834, Joseph Morgan, a pewterer from Manchester, England, patented a machine that revolutionized candle making. This allows for the continuous production of waxes formed by using a cylinder with a movable piston to remove the wax when they are compacted. This more efficient mechanical production generates about 1,500 candles per hour. This allows wax to be an easily accessible commodity for the masses. The candlestick maker also begins to make the axis of the cotton yarn tightly braided (not just twisted). This technique makes the axis curve as they burn, maintaining the height of the axis and therefore flame. Since many of the excess axes are burned, they are referred to as the "self-trimming" or "self-consuming" axis.
In the mid-1850s, James Young managed to distill the paraffin wax from coal and oil shale at Bathgate in West Lothian and developed a commercially developed method of production. Paraffin can be used to make high quality cheap wax. It is a bluish-white candle, burned clean, and leaves no bad smell, unlike a fat wax. At the end of the 19th century, most of the waxes produced consisted of paraffin wax and stearic acid.
At the end of the 19th century, Price's Candles, based in London, is the largest wax factory in the world. Founded by William Wilson in 1830, the company pioneered the application of steam distillation techniques, and is thus capable of producing candles from a variety of raw materials, including skin fat, bone fat, fish oil and industrial oil.
Despite advances in candle making, the wax industry declined rapidly after the introduction of superior lighting methods, including kerosene and lamps and the invention of incandescent lamps in 1879. From this point, candles are marketed as decorative items.
Use
Before the invention of electric lighting, candles and oil lamps are usually used for lighting. In areas without electricity, they are still used routinely. Until the 20th century, candlesticks were more common in northern Europe. In southern Europe and the Mediterranean, oil lamps dominate.
In today's developed world, candles are used primarily for aesthetic and aromatic values, especially for creating a soft, warm, or romantic atmosphere, for emergency lighting during power failure failure, and for religious or ritual purposes.
Other uses
With a consistent and measurable wax burning, the common use of a candle is to tell the time. Candles designed for this purpose may have measurements of time, usually in hours, that are marked along the wax. The Song Dynasty in China (960-1279) used a candle clock.
In the 18th century, candlesticks were made with loads placed on the side of the candle. As the candle melts, the weight falls and makes a sound as it falls into the bowl.
In the days leading up to Christmas some people burned a candle of money to represent each day, as marked on candles. The type of candle used in this way is called the Adventist candle , although it is also used to refer to candles that adorn an Advent bouquet.
Components
Candle
For most recorded history candles are fat (a by-product of beef rendering) and beeswax until the mid-1800s where they were made primarily from spermaceti (spurring greater demand for whale oil), and stearin (originally made from animal fat but now produced almost exclusively from palm wax). Today, most candles are made of paraffin wax, a petroleum refining product.
Candles can also be made from microcrystalline waxes, beeswax (a by-product of honey collection), gels (mixture of polymers and mineral oils), or some wax plants (usually palm, carnauba, bayberry, or soy wax).
The same size of flame and burning rate is controlled largely by the wax axis.
The production method uses extrusion molding. More traditional production methods require the melting of solid fuels by controlled heat applications. The liquid is then poured into the mold or axis repeatedly immersed in a liquid to create a dyed tapered candle. Often perfumes, essential oils or aniline-based dyes are added.
Axis
The wax axis works by capillary action, drawing ("wicking") a melted wax or fuel to a flame. When the liquid fuel reaches the fire, it evaporates and burns. The wax axis affects how the candle burns. Important characteristics of axes include diameter, stiffness, fireproof, and withdrawal.
The wax axis is a piece of string or rope holding a candle flame. Commercial axis is made of braided cotton. The axial capillaries determine the rate at which the melted hydrocarbons are delivered to a flame. If capillaries are too large, liquid wax flows to the side of the candle. Axes are often impregnated with various chemicals to modify their combustion characteristics. For example, it is usually desirable that the axis does not shine after a fire goes out. Typical agents are ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate.
Characteristics
Light
Based on taper-type measurements, paraffin wax candles, modern waxes usually burn at a steady rate of about 0.1 g/min, releasing heat at about 80 W. The resulting light is about 13 lumens, for a luminous efficacy of about 0.16 lumens per watt (glowing efficacy from the source) - almost a hundred times lower than an incandescent bulb.
The luminous intensity of a typical candle is about one candela. The SI unit, candela, is actually based on an older unit called candlepower , which represents the intensity of light emitted by a candle made for a specific specification ("standard candle"). Modern units are defined in a more precise and repeatable way, but are chosen in such a way that the intensity of candle light is still around one candela.
Temperature
The hottest part of the flame is just above the very dim blue part to one side of the flame, at the bottom. At this point, the flame is about 1,400 ° C. But note that this part of fire is very small and releases less heat energy. The blue color is due to chemiluminescence, while the visible yellow color is due to the emission of radiation from the hot soot particles. The soot is formed through a series of complex chemical reactions, which start from molecules of fuel through the growth of molecules, to form multi-carbon ring compounds. The thermal structure of the flame is complex, hundreds of degrees above a very short distance leading to a very steep temperature gradient. On average, the flame temperature is about 1,000 ° C. The color temperature is about 1,000 K.
Flame candle
The candle flame is formed because the candle evaporates when it burns. It has three different areas. The deepest zone, just above the axis, contains a vaporized but unburned wax. This is the darkest zone. The middle zone is yellow and glowing. Since this is an oxygen depleted zone, the oxygen is insufficient to burn all the wax vapors. Thus, partial combustion of wax occurs. This zone also contains unburned carbon vapor. The temperature in this region is hotter than the deepest zone, but cooler than the outside zone. The outer zone is the area where the flame is the most hot and perfect wax burning. The color is light blue and does not look normal.
The main determinant of the height of the candle flame is the diameter of the axis. This is evidenced in the tealights where the axis is very thin and the flame is very small. Candles whose main purpose is lighting using a thicker axis.
Learning history
One of Michael Faraday's important works is The Chemical History of a Candle, where he provides an in-depth analysis of evolutionary developments, work and wax.
Dangers
According to the US National Fire Protection Association, wax is one of the main sources of residential fires in the US with nearly 10% of civilian casualties and 6% of civilian casualties due to fires attributed to candles. The longer candle flame from the laminer smoke point will release soot. Pruning the right axis will substantially reduce the emission of soot from most of the candles.
Liquid wax is hot and can cause sunburn, but the amount and temperature are generally rather limited and burns are rarely serious. The best way to avoid burning from scattered candles is to use a wax snuffer instead of blowing a fire. A wax snuffer is usually a small metal cup at the end of a long handle. Placing a snuffer over a fire cuts off the oxygen supply. Snuffers are common at home when candles are the main source of lighting before electric lights are available. Decorative ornaments, often combined with tapers for lighting, are still found in churches that regularly use large candles.
Glass candlesticks are sometimes cracked because of the thermal shock of a candle flame, especially when the candle burns to the end. When burning candles in a glass or jar, users should avoid burning candles with cracked or cracked containers, and stop using 1/2 inch or less of the rest of the candle.
The previous concern about wax security is that the main core is used on the axis to keep them upright in the container wax. Without a rigid core, the wick of the container wax can sag and sink in a deep wax pool. Worries are increasing that the lead in this axis will evaporate during the combustion process, releasing steam tin - known health hazards and developments. The main core axes have not been common since the 1970s. Currently, most iron-core wires use zinc or zinc alloy, which has become the industry standard. Specially designed axes of paper and cotton are also available.
Rule
International markets have developed standards and regulations to ensure compliance, while maintaining and improving safety, including:
- Europe: GPSD, EN 15493, EN 15494, EN 15426, EN 14059, REACH, RAL-GZ 041 Candle (Germany), French Decree 91-1175
- United States: ASTM F2058, ASTM F2179, ASTM F2417, ASTM F2601, ASTM F2326, California Proposition 65, CONEG
- China: QB/T 2119 Candle Base, QB/T 2902 Art Candle, QB/T 2903 Candle Jar, Gb/T 22256 Candle Jelly
Accessories
Candle holder
Decorative candleholder, especially formed as a pedestal, is called candlestick; if some slant of candle is held, the term candelabrum is also used. The root form of candlestick is from the word for candle, but now it usually refers to electrical equipment. The word candlestick is sometimes now used to describe hanging gear designed to hold a few slopes.
Many candle holders use tight sockets to keep candles upright. In this case, candles that are slightly too wide will not fit on the stand, and a slightly narrower candle will falter. Excessive wax can be trimmed to fit the knife; too small wax can be equipped with aluminum foil. Traditionally, candlesticks and candles are made in the same place, so they are appropriately sized, but international trade has incorporated modern candlesticks with existing holders, which makes wax that is not fitting more commonly. This tight friction socket is only required for federals and shrinks. For tea light candles, there are various candle holders, including small glass holders and elaborate multi-candle stands. The same applies to voters. Sconces The walls are available for tea light and votive candles. For pillar type candles, wide variety of candle holders. Fireproof plates, such as glass plates or small mirrors, are candle holder for pillar style candles. A pedestal of any kind, with a precisely sized apical top, is another option. A large glass bowl with a large flat bottom and high curved vertical sides is called a storm. The pillar style candle is placed in the center of the storm. Hurricanes are sometimes sold as one unit.
A bobÃÆ'¨che is a dripping ring, which may also be attached to a candle holder, or used separately from one. BobÃÆ'¨ches can range from metal or glass ornaments to simple plastics, cardboard, or wax paper. The use of paper or plastic bobÃÆ'¨ches is common at occasions where candles are distributed to crowds or spectators, such as Christmas carolers or people at other concerts/festivals.
Candle followers
It is a glass or metal tube with an internal part of the stricture along, which sits around the top of the burning candle. When the candle burns, the wax melts and the follower holds the melted candle, while the stricture rests on the highest part of the wax. Candle followers are often deliberately heavy or weighted to make sure they move down when the candle burns lower, maintaining the seal and preventing the breaking of the candle. The purpose of the wax follower is threefold:
- Fill the melted candles, make the candles more efficient, avoid chaos, and produce more burns.
- As an ornament, either because of the nature of an ornate device, or (in the case of a glass follower) through dispersion or light coloration.
- If necessary, to protect the fire from the wind.
Candlesticks are often found in churches on the altar of candles.
Candle snuffers
Candle snuffers are a tool used to extinguish burning candles by lighting a fire with small metal cups hanging from a long handle, and thus robbing them of oxygen. Older meanings refer to tools such as scissors used to trim the wax axis. With skill, this can be done without extinguishing the fire. The instrument now known as the wax snuffer was once called "extinguisher" or "douter".
See also
![The Candle | [...] Thousands of candles can be lit from a si⦠| Flickr](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_uCVyghJjwwWIb2fiKN4exNb8ZaSXlEszRrDQPrfXggkAxapWGM9xvLBsfgDs_YvcYtvCdsIzkb2VLLtPerrZQlfmeTc5dDbSR-00nvF4rAmuRp56r6XKJS1WmZR-DHELG_zd1rzt2nKQ=s0-d "The Candle | [...] Thousands of candles can be lit from a si⦠| Flickr")
References
External links
- Media related to Candles on Wikimedia Commons
- US National Candle Association.
- The Chemical History of a Candle by Michael Faraday
- The European Manufacturers Association (AECM)
- The European Wax Association (ECA)
- Latin American Candle Manufacturers Association (ALAFAVE)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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